What Is a Free Radical in Chemistry

An atom or molecule with an unpaired electron. Because they have a free electron, such molecules are highly reactive. Examples Singlet oxygen, molecules with a free hydroxy group (-OH) Properties Free radicals are capable  of  starting rapid  chain-reactions  that  destabilize  the ions in other nearby  molecules  generating  more  free  radicals. In biological systems, free radicals are  deactivated  by  anti-oxidants,  uric  acid,  and  certain  enzyme  activities.

ITC Product Mix, BCG Matrix - 1040 Words

IMPERIAL TOBACCO COMPANY ITC is an Indian conglomerate ï  µ ï  µ ï  µ ï  µ ï  µ ï  µ Headquartered in Kolkata Currently headed by Yogesh Chander Deveshwar. Employs over 26,000 people at more than 60 locations across India and is listed on FORBES 2000. Annual turnover - over US$ 7 billion (44000 cr) Market capitalisation - US$ 45 billion (283,000 cr) Business Segments ï  µ Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) ï  µ Hotels ï  µ Paperboards ï  µ Paper Packaging ï  µ Agri Business History ï  µ Incorporated on August 24, 1910 under the name Imperial Tobacco Company of India Limited ï  µ Company was changed from Imperial Tobacco Company of India Limited to India Tobacco Company Limited in 1970 and then to I.T.C.†¦show more content†¦Ã¯  µ Dogs, more charitably called pets, are units with low market share in a mature, slow-growing industry. These units typically break even, generating barely enough cash to maintain the businesss market share. They depress a profitable companys return on assets. Dogs, it is thought, should be sold off. ï  µ Question marks (also known as problem children) are business operating in a high market growth, but having a low market share. They are a starting point for most businesses. Question marks have a potential to gain market share and become stars, and eventually cash cows when market growth slows. Question marks must be analyzed carefully in order to determine whether they are worth the investment required to grow market share. ï  µ Stars are units with a high market share in a fast-growing industry. They are successful question marks and become a market leader in a high growth sector. The hope is that stars become next cash cows. Stars require high funding to fight competitions and maintain a growth rate. When growth slows, if they have been able to maintain their category leadership stars become cash cows, else they become dogs due to low relative market share. BCG Matrix - ITC Stars †¢ Hotels †¢ Paperboards / Packaging †¢Agri business Cows †¢ FMCG - Cigarettes †¢ Matches / Incense Sticks ? †¢ FMCG Dogs Ansoff‟s Matrix Existing New Existing Market penetration New product development NewShow MoreRelatedStrategic Management5568 Words   |  23 Pagesin an organizational strategy: a. Six 5. The three important steps in SWOT analysis are: b. Opportunities, Threats, Strengths 6. GE matrix consists of how many cells? a. Nine cells 7. Which of these is the type of Games: d. All of the above 8. SBU stands for c. Strategic Business Unit 9. The BCG matrix is known as: a. Growth share matrix 10. ______________ specifies sales revenues and selling distribution and marketing costs. b. 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The objective of the study is to see customer satisfaction about marketing mix of LUX soap. 1.2 Significance This report is a requirement of the program for MBA program. We have tried our level best to make it as an excellent one. We used all the latest data and information. The report can help as the indicator of the level of satisfaction of the customers of the LUX soap and its marketing mix. It provides the true practice taking place in the marketing industry, which plays an importantRead MoreProject – Organization Dynamics11615 Words   |  47 Pagesvariables. How would you describe the environment, goals, culture, size, and technology for Aquarius? 2. Design a new organization structure that takes into consideration the contextual variables in the case and the information flows. 3. Would a matrix structure be feasible for Aquarius? Why or why not? Case Study 2: C C GROCERY STORES, INC. 1. 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Nosql Free Essays

Security Issues in NoSQL Databases Lior Okman Deutsche Telekom Laboratories at Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, Israel Nurit Gal-Oz, Yaron Gonen, Ehud Gudes Deutsche Telekom Laboratories at Ben-Gurion University, and Dept of Computer Science, Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, Israel Jenny Abramov Deutsche Telekom Laboratories at Ben-Gurion University and Dept of Information Systems Eng. Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, Israel Abstract—The recent advance in cloud computing and distributed web applications has created the need to store large amount of data in distributed databases that provide high availability and scalability. In recent years, a growing number of companies have adopted various types of non-relational databases, commonly referred to as NoSQL databases, and as the applications they serve emerge, they gain extensive market interest. We will write a custom essay sample on Nosql or any similar topic only for you Order Now These new database systems are not relational by definition and therefore they do not support full SQL functionality. Moreover, as opposed to relational databases they trade consistency and security for performance and scalability. As increasingly sensitive data is being stored in NoSQL databases, security issues become growing concerns. This paper reviews two of the most popular NoSQL databases Cassandra and MongoDB) and outlines their main security features and problems. Index Terms—NoSQL; Security; Cassandra; MongoDB; I. INTRODUCTION The recent advance in cloud computing and distributed web applications has created the need to store large amount of data in distributed databases that provide high availability and scalability. In recent years, a growing number of companies have adopted various types of non-relational databases, commonly referred to as NoSQL databases and as the applications they serve emerge, they gained extensive market interest. Different NoSQL databases t ake different approaches. Their primary advantage is that, unlike relational databases, they handle unstructured data such as documents, e-mail, multimedia and social media efficiently. The common features of NoSQL databases can be summarized as: high scalability and reliability, very simple data model, very simple (primitive) query language, lack of mechanism for handling and managing data consistency and integrity constraints maintenance(e. g. , foreign keys), and almost no support for security at the database level. The CAP theorem introduced by Eric Brewer [1], refers to the three properties of shared-data systems namely data onsistency, system availability and tolerance to network partitions. The theorem [2] states that only two of these three properties can be simultaneously provided by the system. Traditional DBMS designers have prioritized the consistency and availability properties. The rise of large web applications and distributed data systems, makes the partition-tolerance property inevitable, thu s imposing compromise on either consistency or availability. The main promoters of NOSQL databases are Web 2. 0 companies with huge, growing data and infrastructure needs such as Amazon and Google. The Dynamo technology developed t Amazon [3] and the Bigtable distributed storage system developed at Google [4], have inspired many of today’s NoSQL applications. In this paper we analyze the security problems of two of the most popular NoSQL databases, namely: Cassandra and MongoDB. Cassandra [5] is a distributed storage system for managing very large amounts of structured data spread out across many commodity servers, while providing highly available service with no single point of failure. Cassandra aims to run on top of an infrastructure of hundreds of nodes. At this scale, components fail often and Cassandra is designed to survive these failures. While in many ways Cassandra resembles a database and shares many design and implementation strategies therewith, Cassandra does not support a full relational data model; instead, it provides clients with a simple data model that supports dynamic control over data layout and format. Cassandra was designed to support the Inbox search feature of Facebook [6]. As such it can support over 100 million users which use the system continuously. MongoDB [7] is a document database developed by 10gen. It manages collections of JSON-like documents. Many applications can thus model data in a more natural way, as data can e nested in complex hierarchies and still be query-able and indexable. Documents are stored in collections, and collections are in turn stored in a database. A collection is similar to a table in relational DBMS, but a collection lacks any schema. MongoDB also provides high availability and scalability by using Shardings and Replica sets (see below). The increasing popularity of NoSQL databases such as Cassandra and MongoDB and the large amounts of userrelated sensitive information stored in these databases raise the concern for the confidentiality and privacy of the data and the security provided by these systems. In this paper we review the main security features and problems of these two database systems. We start with a brief overview of Cassandra and MongoDB functionality in section II. We then discuss security features of Cassandra and MongoDB in sections III and IV respectively. We conclude in section V. Since much of the discussion is based on open-source Internet documents, it naturally reflects the situation at the time this paper is written 2011 International Joint Conference of IEEE TrustCom-11/IEEE ICESS-11/FCST-11 978-0-7695-4600-1/11 $26. 00 Â © 2011 IEEE DOI 10. 1109/TrustCom. 2011. 70 541 How to cite Nosql, Essay examples

Evaluation And Analysis of The Law

Question: Discuss about the Essay for Evaluates and Analysis the Law? Answer: Introduction The present essay evaluates and analysis the law that was established in Williams v Roffey Bros Nicholls (Contractors) Ltd[1] and is impact on the doctrine of consideration. Williamss v Roffey Bros Nicholls (Contractors) Ltd is an English case[2]. The main issue that was catered in the present case was whether Roffey is liable to compensate William on the basis that no consideration was given by William to him?[3] The present essay evaluates the issue and analysis the decision that was laid down by Court of First Instance and Court of Appeal. The present essay analysis the decision of Williams case on the doctrine of consideration. The same is done by evaluating the meaning that is attributed to the term consideration. After the evaluation of the term the impact of the decision is understood by analysing two leading decision, that is Williams v. Roffey Bros Nicholls, Stilk v. Myrik and Williams v. Roffey Bros Nicholls, Foakes v. Beer. The decision lay down in William case makes a distinction from the decision laid down in Stilk v. Myrick case. The decisions of Williams have evaluated a new path to the doctrine of consideration and have redefined the law that is applied in Stilk v. Myrick keeping the principle unmoved and intact. But, the decision in Roffey Bros case brings down the flaws that were present in the Williams case. The comparison of cases brings down the impact of the William case on the doctrine of consideration. The assignment is concluded in the end followed by reference list. Decision The court of first instance decided in favour of William and granted him damages of 3,500. An appeal was made by Roffey. However, the appeal of Roffey was dismissed. It was submitted by the court that though the consideration is required for the establishment of contract (if considered in orthodox sense) but, when there is presence of promises then consideration comprises of practical benefits. Thus, based on the following facts, it was analysed in the leading case that when a contract is a varying contract, then in such situations, the court is very fast and swift in defining the consideration especially when there are factual benefits and which are provided by one party to another party[4]. Now, after evaluating the brief facts and the decision of the court it is now important to evaluate the impact of Williams case[5] on the doctrine of consideration. Consideration It is first important to evaluate the basic meaning that is attributed to the term Consideration. Consideration is something which is of value and which is provided by both the parties to the contract and which lures and induces the parties to form an agreement amid them. There is exchange of mutual promises amid the parties in exchange of something valuable and such mutual promises are enforceable in law[6]. In Currie v. Misa[7], Lush J defined consideration as A valuable consideration, in the sense of the law, may consist either in some right, interest, profit or benefit accruing to the one party, or some forbearance, detriment, loss or responsibility, given, suffered, or undertaken by the other.[8] Consideration is one of the main elements in establishing a contract apart from offer, acceptance, intention and capacity. Thus, every contact must be supported by consideration. Absence of consideration will render the contract void, that is, if one person makes a promise to another person to undertake an act or omission, however, if there is no promise that is made in return, then there is lack of consideration and such kinds of contracts are not enforceable in law because of lack of consideration[9]. This is mainly because the promisor is not gaining anything; rather, there is loss without anything in return. On the other hand, there is benefit that is accruing by the promise without any loss. But, if the promisee in exchange of the promise made by the promisor, made a promise in return, then there is consideration that is generated against the promise of the promisor, thereby making the contract enforceable in law[10]. After evaluating the meaning that is attributed to the term Consideration, it is now important to evaluate the impact of Williams case[11] on the doctrine of consideration. Impact of Williams v Roffey Bros on the doctrine of Consideration It is submit that the law established by Williams case is considered to be very important as it makes a departure from the traditional and ancient rules that are followed regarding consideration. The case is also relevant because it brings changes in the rules that are established in the leading case of Stilk v. Myrik[12]. Impact of the doctrine of consideration by comparing the law laid down in Williams v. Roffey Bros Nicholls, Stilk v. Myrik. In Williams case, the ancient doctrine of consideration was evaluated. It was analysed that the traditional doctrine of consideration comprises of pre-existing obligation of duty. That is, if suppose, there are two persons A and B and both are part of a contract, then, if A makes a promises and requires consideration from B in exchange of such promise, then, if B undertakes a promise which is something which is he is already bound to perform, then in such scenario, anything promised by B regarding such performance or its actual performance cannot be in any scenario be regarded as the consideration in exchange of the promise that is made by A[13]. This rule of pre-existing obligation of duty was referred in the leading case of Stilk and Myrick. As per the facts of the said case, there are eleven sailors who affirm to sail to the Baltic and return back. However, when all the eleven sailors reached the Baltic, two of them abandoned. The captain of the ship then agreed that the wages of the two sailors who has abandoned the ship will be distributed to the rest of the sailors; however, later on the captain of the ship refused to honour his promise and refused to pay the wages to the rest of the crew. The aggrieved sailors sued the captain of the ship[14]. However, the sailors were not successful in their claims. The main reason attributed for the denial of the claim was that there was no consideration that is made in return of the promise that is made by the captain of the ship. This is because the acts of the remaining sailors were not in exchange of the promise of the captain , rather, they were already obligated to return from the Baltic and their actions cannot be treated as a consideration in exchange of the promise. But, the decision was criticised severely and there were many arguments that were laid in order to abolish the doctrine of pre-existing duty[15]. It was in Williams, that a new approach was laid down to the pre-existing duty doctrine and made a divergence to the law laid down in Stilk v. Myrik. As already submitted the court of first instance decided in favour of William and granted him damages of 3,500. The main argument was that no consideration was given by Roffey Bros to Williams which was the main basis which decided the case in favour of Williams[16]. It is submitted that the main reason which can be attributed and which decided the case in favour of William was mainly because of the fact that William did not stop the work and continued with the same even when Roffey Bros neglected in payment and thus there was no violation of contract terms on the part of William. Also, since there was no delay on the part of William, this did not bother Roffey Bros to look for another substitute contractor to complete the work. This has saved the money and time of Roffey Bros and thus completed the work on time and thereby protected him from the penalty clause for late completion of the work[17]. This outlook of the decision in Williams has resulted in the introduction of a new test, called, Practical Benefit Test. The test was not previously considered as a good consideration. This is mainly because when Glidewell LJ made is final statements, the main emphasis of his was on whether in reality the promisor has acquired any benefit or not. He was not considering whether the promissee is at loss because of the benefits (legal benefits) that is attained by the proimisor or because of the promise made by him. The statements made by the Judge were to abolish the rule of consideration[18]. Mainly the decision of the Williams makes a distinction from the decision laid down in Stilk v. Myrick and questioned the ancient old doctrine of pre-existing duty principle. The decisions of Williams have evaluated a new path to the doctrine of consideration and which must be applied in future cases to come. Glidewell LJ while deciding the case has clearly established that his main motive was not to disobey with the decision that was laid down in Stilk v. Myrick, but his main intention was to redefine and curtail the law that is applied in Stilk v. Myrick keeping the principle unmoved and intact. The main attempt that was laid down by Glidewell LJ was to modernise the rule laid down in Stilk v. Myrick in order to fit the same in the modern society. He also attempts to bring all the rules of consideration under one roof so as to avoid the application of the principle laid down in Stilk v. Myrick in future cases to come[19]. It is thus submitted that the decision of William's was very important as it has laid down a very important precedent and was very influential in United Kingdom and the Commonwealth countries. As soon as the decision was laid down, the same was applicable instantaneously throughout England and Wales and New Zealand. The principle was later applied in several cases such as in Anangel Atlas Companika Naviera SA v. Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy Industries Co Ltd (No 2) (within six months of the decision of the case). In the said case Hirst J relied on the decision laid down in William's v. Roffey. The application of the principle has established that judges were taking the new approach that was adopted in William's v. Roffey and are taking the new approach by letting go the traditional doctrine of pre existing duty obligation principle[20]. Impact of the doctrine of consideration by comparing the law laid down in Williams v. Roffey Bros Nicholls, Foakes v. Beer. But, it cannot be said that the decision that was laid down in William's v. Roffey was perfect without any flaws. It was observed that the decision of William's v. Roffey was contrary to the decision that was laid down in Foakes v. Beer[21]. In Foakes case, a person promised not to raise any claim or interest on the debt of another person. However, it was held that the said contract was not enforceable in the court of law because the contract lacks consideration[22]. But the major issue arises because of the fact that the decision laid down in Foakes v. Beer was by the House of Lords and the decision in Williams was by the Court of Appeal. Though the time gap between the two decisions was of hundreds of years but still there is a difference in the authorities of the decision makers. Because of the difference in the degree of authority the decision laid down in Williams cannot supersede the decision of Foakes and thus cannot consider as a precedent. The same can only become the precedent provided the same is approved by the House of Lords. Thus, though the old age doctrine of pre-existing rules of consideration was under scanner but the same was arosed by the court which does not have a superseding authority over the House of Lords[23]. Another problem that was raised by the decision of Williams was that not all the court is willing to follow the principle laid down by the decision. The main argument was that if the decision of Williams was followed then it will disregard the decision laid down in Foakes. This was righty established in Re Selectmove Ltd[24] and it was analysed that the court are only willing to follow the rulings of the House of the Lords or the law laid down by the legislature and not any authority inferior to the same[25]. Conclusion It is thus submitted that the decision lay down in Williams though challenges the age old doctrine of pre-existing duty of consideration but the impact is not universally applicable and thus is not totally successful. It is against the ruling laid down in Foakes, thus, though the decision is realistic but still cannot be fully accepted. Mainly, the decision of Williams v. Roffey, raises a significant challenge to the traditional rule of consideration. But since these challenges are not approved by the House of Lords, thus, the challenges are still not of much significance. It can be submitted that two similar cases, that is, Foakes v. Beer and Williams v. Roffey has resulted in two different rulings, thus, it is correct to state that there is contradiction in the rules of consideration. If the traditional approach is followed, then, the House of Lords will submit that the rules laid down in Foakes must be followed. But, the challenges that are raised by the decision of Williams will submit that in reality the traditional rules of consideration are nothing but the initiation of the end of consideration. In Antons Trawling Co Ltd v. Smith (New Zeaand), the decision laid down in Williams has significantly made an impact upon the Court of Appeal and which desire to the introduction of the reliance based test against the doctrine of consideration. Thus, it is rightful in submitting that the challenges that are raised by Williams v. Roffey are very significant as it helped in varying the manner in which the doctrine of consideration functions. But, the challenges have not gone that far so as to clearly terminating the traditional rules. It is submitted that the decision of Williams has influenced the courts but not to much larger extend and the only significant decision that is influenced by the Williams v. Roffey decision can be analysed in the decisions of Antons Trawling Co Ltd v. Smith. Reference List Books/Journals/Articles Chen-Wishart M, Consideration: Practical Benefits and the Emperors New Clothes (ISBN-13: 9780198265, 1997). Inn G, THE MODERN LAW OF CONTRACT (Fifth Edition, 2002). Roach L, Card James' Business Law for Business, Accounting, Finance Students (OUP Oxford, 2012). Cases Currie v. Misa (1875). Foakes v Beer(1883-84) LR 9 App Cas 605. Re Selectmove Ltd[1993] EWCA Civ 8 Stilk v Myrick[1809] EWHC KB J58. Williams v Roffey Bros Nicholls (Contractors) Ltd (1989) EWCA Civ 5 Online Material B Hough, THE DOCTRINE OF CONSIDERATION: DEAD OR ALIVE IN ENGLISH EMPLOYMENT CONTRACTS? (2016) https://eprints.bournemouth.ac.uk/2898/1/78.pdf. Accessed on 16th January 2016. Case brief, Foakes v Beer, [1884] UKHL 1 https://casebrief.me/casebriefs/foakes-v-beer/. Accessed on 16th March 2016. Dr Robert N Moles, Consideration - in Acceptance of Contract (2016) https://netk.net.au/Contract/04Consideration.asp. ELawresourceUK, Stilk v Myrick[1809] EWHC KB J58 (2016) https://www.e-lawresources.co.uk/Stilk-v-Myrick.php. Accessed on 16th January 2016. Emily M. Weitzenbck , English Law of Contract: Consideration (2012) https://www.uio.no/studier/emner/jus/jus/JUS5260/v12/undervisningsmateriale/Consideration.pdf. Accessed on 16th March 2016. Francis Dawson, CONTRACT AS ASSUMPTION AND CONSIDERATION THEORY: A REASSESSMENT OF WILLIAMS V ROFFEY BROS (2011) 42 VUWLR https://www.nzlii.org/nz/journals/VUWLawRw/2011/9.pdf. Accessed on 16th March 2016. MacMillan Stone, Elements of the law of contract (2012) https://www.londoninternational.ac.uk/sites/default/files/programme_resources/laws/ug_subject_guides/elements_law_contract-subjectguide4chapters.pdf. Accessed on 16th March 2016. Swarb, Contract (2015) https://swarb.co.uk/williams-v-roffey-brothers-nicholls-contractors-ltd-ca-23-nov-1989/. Accessed on 16th March 2016. The Law Teacher, Traditional Rules of Consideration (2016) https://www.lawteacher.net/free-law-essays/consideration-law/traditional-rules-of-consideration.php Accessed on 16th March 2016. The Law Teacher, The principle of Williams v. Roffey (2016) https://www.lawteacher.net/free-law-essays/contract-law/the-principle-of-williams-v-roffey-contract-law-essay.php. Accessed on 16th March 2016. Westlaw, Williams v. Roffey Bros. Nicholls (Contractors) Ltd. [1990] 2 W.L.R. 1153 (2004) https://legal.thomsonreuters.com.au/product/au/files/720502512/williams_v_roffey_bros_and_nicholls.pdf. Accessed on 16th March 2016. [1] Williams v Roffey Bros Nicholls (Contractors) Ltd (1989) EWCA Civ 5. [2] Westlaw, Williams v. Roffey Bros. Nicholls (Contractors) Ltd. [1990] 2 W.L.R. 1153 (2004) https://legal.thomsonreuters.com.au/product/au/files/720502512/williams_v_roffey_bros_and_nicholls.pdf. Accessed 16th March 2016. [3] Mindy Chen-Wishart, Consideration: Practical Benefits and the Emperors New Clothes (ISBN-13: 9780198265, 1997). [4] Swarb, Contract (2015) https://swarb.co.uk/williams-v-roffey-brothers-nicholls-contractors-ltd-ca-23-nov-1989/. Accessed 16th March 2016. [5] Williams v Roffey Bros Nicholls (Contractors) Ltd (1989) EWCA Civ 5 [6] Emily M. Weitzenbck , English Law of Contract: Consideration (2012) https://www.uio.no/studier/emner/jus/jus/JUS5260/v12/undervisningsmateriale/Consideration.pdf. Accessed 16th March 2016. [7] Currie v. Misa (1875). [8] Lee Roach, Card James' Business Law for Business, Accounting, Finance Students (OUP Oxford, 2012). [9] MacMillan Stone, Elements of the law of contract (2012) https://www.londoninternational.ac.uk/sites/default/files/programme_resources/laws/ug_subject_guides/elements_law_contract-subjectguide4chapters.pdf. Accessed 16th March 2016. [10] Dr Robert N Moles,Consideration - in Acceptance of Contract (2016) https://netk.net.au/Contract/04Consideration.asp Accessed 16th March 2016. [11] Williams v Roffey Bros Nicholls (Contractors) Ltd (1989) EWCA Civ 5. [12] Stilk v Myrick[1809] EWHC KB J58. [13] B Hough, THE DOCTRINE OF CONSIDERATION: DEAD OR ALIVE IN ENGLISH EMPLOYMENT CONTRACTS? (2016) https://eprints.bournemouth.ac.uk/2898/1/78.pdf. Accessed 16th January 2016. [14] ELawresourceUK, Stilk v Myrick[1809] EWHC KB J58 (2016) https://www.e-lawresources.co.uk/Stilk-v-Myrick.php. Accessed 16th January 2016. [15] The Law Teacher, Traditional Rules of Consideration (2016) https://www.lawteacher.net/free-law-essays/consideration-law/traditional-rules-of-consideration.php Accessed 16th March 2016. [16] Swarb, n4. [17] Francis Dawson, CONTRACT AS ASSUMPTION AND CONSIDERATION THEORY: A REASSESSMENT OF WILLIAMS V ROFFEY BROS (2011) 42 VUWLR https://www.nzlii.org/nz/journals/VUWLawRw/2011/9.pdf. Accessed 16th March 2016. [18] Ibid. [19] The Law Teacher, Traditional Rules of Consideration (2016) https://www.lawteacher.net/free-law-essays/consideration-law/traditional-rules-of-consideration.php Accessed 16th March 2016. [20] Grays Inn, THE MODERN LAW OF CONTRACT (Fifth Edition, 2002). [21] Foakes v Beer(1883-84) LR 9 App Cas 605. [22] Case brief, Foakes v Beer, [1884] UKHL 1 https://casebrief.me/casebriefs/foakes-v-beer/. Accessed 16th March 2016. [23] The Law Teacher, n19. [24]Re Selectmove Ltd[1993] EWCA Civ 8 [25] The Law Teacher, The principle of Williams v. Roffey (2016) https://www.lawteacher.net/free-law-essays/contract-law/the-principle-of-williams-v-roffey-contract-law-essay.php. Accessed 16th March 2016.

The Great Pyramid Essays - Giza Plateau, , Term Papers

The Great Pyramid The great pyramid was built during the reign of Khufu, 2nd king of the fourth dynasty (2,720-2,560 BC). It stands on the Giza plateau nearby Cairo and is the biggest pyramid in the world. It measures 230 m (756 ft) on each side of its base and originally measured 147 m (482 ft) high. Beginning in the 10th century AD the entire Giza complex served as a source of building materials for the construction of Cairo; as a result, all three pyramids were stripped of their original smooth outer facing of limestone. The core masonry consists of large blocks of local limestone taken from the nearby quarries and built around and over a rocky knoll. The size of the knoll cannot be determined, since it is completely covered by the pyramid. The entrance to the pyramid is in the center of the northern face. It is located in the thirteenth course of masonry from the base. This entrance has a pointed roof formed of massive slabs of local limestone and opens into a long steeply descending passage. From there a 36 meters long ascending passage leads to a 35 meters long horizontal passage that leads to the so called 'Queen's chamber'. This chamber measures 5.2 by 5.7 meters and the maximum height of its pointed roof is about 15 meters. The north and south walls each have a small hole a few centimeters square about 1 meter from the floor. These lead into narrow channels that originally opened on the exterior of the pyramid. At the juncture of the ascending and horizontal passage is an opening of a shaft which descends to a depth of 60 meters. It opens into the lower part of the descending passage, close to the unfinished, underground chamber, and is believed to have been an escape shaft for the workmen who filed the ascending passage with huge stones after the king's funeral. From the horizontal passage the Grand Gallery, which leads to the king's chamber, starts. It is 47 meters long and 8.5 meters high, and has a corbelled roof. In the center of the floor is a sunken ramp about 60 centimeters deep. The Grand Gallery ends in a horizontal granite passage which serves as an antechamber. It measures 8.4 meters long and 3.1 meters high, and has slots for three portcullises. Beyond the antechamber is the so-called 'King's Chamber' which is lined, roofed and paved with red granite. It measures 5.2 by 10.8 meters and is 5.8 meters high. Its flat roof is formed of nine monolithic slabs of granite. The northern and southern walls each have an 'air channel', one of which is open to the outside. The Pyramid can be seen to have about two hundred level courses of squared stones. The layers all have a different thickness ranging between approximately 50 and 145 centimeters. The average block size is about 1 cubic meter. On the Khufu pyramid, all the casing elements were removed in the 14th century. The few casing stones which do remain in the Great Pyramid all lie in the 1.5 meter thick bottom course and cannot be representative of the stones which would have been used in the higher parts of the construction. The only examples of face work such as this which remain are those on the pyramids at Meidum, Dashur andGiza.

Teens Are Not The Problem

Teens Are Not The Problem Free Online Research Papers This topic will deal with juveniles today and examine in-depth their behaviors as compared to the past. Then I will analyze the juvenile justice system and discuss the laws that are designed to protect them, but are often to harsh. I’ve been in the system and know this topic first hand. In this I will determine that teens aren’t the problem in today’s society, in fact the crime rate of juveniles has decreased, in addition the juvenile laws should be more lenient. The juvenile justice system was established in the U.S. the early 20th century due to the fact that they thought children were different from adults and the state should take responsibility on protecting and rehabilitating young offenders (Sanborn and Salerno). A juvenile is a youth at or below the upper age of original jurisdiction in a State, basically most states set it at age seventeen. In the past twenty years, youth crime rates have decreased but the public’s perception has caused the dismantling of the juvenile court system and tougher crime legislation, like trying children as adults and increasing incarceration as the solution to juvenile delinquency. Until the end of the 19th century juveniles were tried as adults and were also housed with men and women, sane and insane both. Then came the doctrine parens patriae (the State as Parent) which established the new right for the state to intervene and to provide protection for children whose parents did not provide adequate care or supervision. The media surrounding rare school shootings and other violent crime by youth offenders has succeeded in scaring the public. There was less than a one in two million chance of being killed in a school in America in 1998-1999, yet 71% of Americans felt that a school shooting was likely in their community (The Center of Juvenile Justice and Criminal Justice). Teenagers show either the larger declines or smaller increases (depending on crime category) in rates of serious offending compared to adults. The youngest teens and children show the largest declines in crimes of any age group, foretelling a law abiding coming generation (National Center for Juvenile Justice). From 1985 to the early 1990s, the number of teenagers arrested for murder nearly tripled before declining sharply in the mid- and late 1990s. By failing to mention key facts, authorities have seriously presented this trend as showing todays generation to be more prone to slaughter. Baron asks why do juveniles commit crimes? Family members, friends, and peers are all influences. It is sometimes accompanied by a desire for material things, fashion, peer pressure, cash and more. At times, the demands of wants and needs are intensified by a society that consists of high mobility, social change, and is materialistic. Also, social changes can create anxiety and disillusionment for adolescents and thus they commit delinquent acts. All juvenile delinquent behaviors are influenced not only by what goes on in the environment in which juveniles live, but also by what they observe in adults, what they listen to, learn from peer groups, parents, relatives, and society at large. Juvenile delinquency is not an inherent human condition, but rather is learned through association, imitation, observation, pressure, needs, wants, influence and desires (Krisberg). Youths who violate the law are no longer guaranteed special treatment simply because they are young. As of now no state has formally abolished the juvenile courts exclusive jurisdiction over young offenders, but every state in the country has taken major steps in that direction. It’s very likely that the states will ultimately abolish the concept of delinquency and that all law violations by young people will one day be handled in criminal court. What this means is the day may come when a crime is a crime is a crime, regardless of the offenders age (Caldwell, Vitacco, and Van Rybroek). This means that the death penalty will be used more often. Also the sentencing will not be lenient anymore. Then the juveniles will be placed with the general population in jail. They will be will all the murders and rapists. That will unfortunately be traumatizing to them. The odder inmates will take advantage of the juvenile offender. Juveniles have a better change of recovery and to just throw them into the criminal system is not the answer. The Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention states there are many ways to prevent or decrease juvenile crime. Tribal Youth Program Training and Technical Assistance is one program that is designed to help tribal communities develop comprehensive, systemic approaches to reducing juvenile delinquency, violence, and child victimization and to increase the safety of tribal communities. There is a Youth Crime Watch of America’s new Youth Speakers’ Bureau that offers youth crime watchers the opportunity to teach and train in their local area and around the country. It also gives youth the tools to design their own solutions to the problems of crime, violence, and drugs (Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention). There is this program called the Title V Community Prevention Grants Program that focuses on reducing risks and enhancing protective factors to prevent youth at risk of becoming delinquent from entering the juvenile justice system and to intervene with first-time and no serious offenders to keep them out of the juvenile justice system. Research Papers on Teens Are Not The ProblemThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseCapital PunishmentPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationPETSTEL analysis of IndiaEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenUnreasonable Searches and SeizuresComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesRelationship between Media Coverage and Social and

Responses to blogs that I will put below Article

Responses to blogs that I will put below - Article Example While it is a great idea to implement such a law, I am skeptical that people would like to actively participate in the effective implementation of such a law until they find certain incentives in doing that. I think that such a law can be made more effective by developing a lottery scheme in which, people who have generated more material for recycling compared to others should be entitled to some rewards. It is up to the government to establish the minimum limit for such a competition and the rewards. In addition, government also needs to create awareness among the public on the benefits of recycling through tv programs and other forms of media so that people understand the importance of recycling and fulfill their responsibility toward the nation. Enforcing stricter punishments to discourage the act of littering is a very effective strategy to minimize littering. Punishment and fines are what people really care about and tend to avoid, and can thus be forced to deter from littering. However, in addition to implementing this law, an additional thing that the concerned authorities can do to decrease the amount of litter is installation of more trash bins. There is no doubt that there are a lot of trash bins everywhere in the US, but still if people are littering, this means that no matter how many of them have been installed, they are still not enough. People certainly need more trash bins to prefer using them on littering. Nobody would like to litter if a trash bin is in approach. In addition to this, government should introduce a scheme according to which people that have collected maximum litter throughout the year should be rewarded. It is up to the government to establish way of finding this out as there can be plenty of w ays. The law you have proposed serves to safeguard just one animal in particular whereas the medicinal benefits obtained provides health

Is the UK economy out of recession Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Is the UK economy out of recession - Essay Example The financial crisis that emerged from sub prime-mortgage crisis in 2007 in the United States transformed into a global recession. The financial and economic activities of about all the countries have been severely affected by this sub prime-mortgage crisis. The industrialised economies have been hit hard in this crisis. The UK economy underwent the impact of this crisis in the second quarter of 2008. During this period, UK faced the largest contraction in economy on record. However, the latest statistics of UK are predicting that era of soaring borrowing and economic downturn is over. At the end of year 2008, British economy could not come out of recession, showing the lagging position of economy and everyone was afraid of the potential relapse in the following year. Although the recession emerged from sub-mortgage crisis in the United States, however, UK economy was at disadvantage because it was highly dependent on the financial sector. The poor performance of UK financial sector along with the increasing levels of consumers debt, were keeping the state at a lag behind the other industrialised states, thereby, preventing UK economy to recover from global recession. The official statistics that have been published in January 2010 reveal that British economy is out of recession. While we cannot answer this question exactly, unless there have been some visible trends in the economic conditions. Before analysing whether UK is out of recession or not, looking into what has happened to UK during the last few years (particularly before recession) will be very significant. During the last ten years, the investment and growth in UK has remained passive however, the economy has faced high levels of FDI. The financial sector has become stronger both domestically and internationally whereas; the manufacturing sector has gone down. Moreover, the growth of financial

How can the growth of investments in renewable energy to achieve Dissertation

How can the growth of investments in renewable energy to achieve higher energy efficiency levels impact on world oil prices and - Dissertation Example Therefore, this study aims to determine whether or not the increased investment on renewable energy resources could literally affect the movements of the world market prices of oil. Likewise, this study will determine how massive investments made on the development of renewable energy resources can affect the economic growth of OECD countries. Research Method: A one-on-one personal interview with a couple of experts in finance and economics was conducted to know more about the impact of an increased investment in renewable energy on the world market prices of oil and the economic growth of OECD counties. Research Findings: Due to high market demand for oil, increasing the overall investment on renewable energy resources will not trigger the world market price of oil to decrease. Furthermore, the massive investment on renewable energy resources can somehow create a positive impact on the future economic growth of the OECD countries. However, serious considerations should be made befor e investing a large sum of money on a specific project. Conclusion: To increase the socio-economic benefits and return on investments (ROI) of renewable energy projects, this study concludes that strong support coming from the local people, the government, and the developers of renewable energy resources is essential. ... Table of Contents Acknowledgement ............................................................................................................... 2 Abstract ................................................................................................................................ 3 Table of Contents ................................................................................................................. 5 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................. 7 1.1 Purpose of the Study ................................................................................. 7 1.2 Research Objectives .................................................................................. 7 1.3 Research Questions ................................................................................... 8 1.4 Rationale for Selecting the Research Topic .............................................. 8 1.5 Scope and Limitations of the Study .......................................................... 9 2. Literature Review .................................................................................................... 10 2.1 Renewable Energy Resources ................................................................... 10 2.2 Types of Renewable Energy Resources Available in OECD Countries ....................................................................................... 11 2.3 Impact of Renewable Energy Investment on the Economic Growth of OECD Countries ............................................... 18 2.5 Impact of Renewable Energy Resources on Oil Prices ............................. 22 2.6 Reasons that Make it

The candy chromatography

The candy chromatography Ever wondered why candies are different colors? Many candies contain colored dyes. Bags of MMs or Skittles contain candies of various colors. Colors in candies are synthetic dyes that have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Sometimes the colors are mixtures of several dyes. The labels tell us the names of the dyes used in the candies. But which dyes are used in which candies? We can answer this by dissolving the dyes out of the candies and separating them using a method called chromatography. The topic I chose to do my research paper on candy chromatography. In this experiment we will use candy chromatography to separate the different dyes in the Skittles. By doing this, this will determine which dyes make which color in the outer coating on the Skittles. Candy chromatography is used to analyze FD and C dyes used in candy and food coloring. Also candy chromatography can be used to separate (purify) specific components from a complex mixture, based on a molecular size or other chemical properties and is used to identify chemicals. Highly accurate chromatographic methods are used for process monitoring. It is in this experiment we will find the FD and C dyes using paper chromatography. Chromatography is a technique used to separate the various components in a complex mixture solution. (Olsen, 2007 p. 1) Candy chromatography works by the components in the dye stick to each other and other substances. Scientists use chromatography to analyze or examine a mixture, its components, and their relations to one another. Also to identify or determine the identity of a mixture or components based on known components. They use it to purify and separate components in order to isolate one of interest for further study. Scientists also use chromatography to quantify and determine the amount of the mixture and the components present in the sample. Some everyday uses for chromatography are at a pharmaceutical company its used to determine each chemical found in new product. At a hospital chromatography is used to determine alcohol levels in a patients blood stream. In law enforcement its used to compare a sample found at a crime scene to samples from suspects. In an environmental agency chromatography is used to determine the level of pollutants in the water supply. In a manufacturing plant chromatography is used to purify a chemical needed to make a product. Paper chromatography has two phases a stationary phase and a mobile phase. The mobile phase flows through the stationary phase and carries the components of the mixture with it. (Clark, 2007 p.1) The paper is the stationary phase, and water is the mobile phase. The principles of paper chromatography include capillary action which is the movement of liquid within the spaces of a porous material due to the forces of adhesion, cohesion, and surface tension. The liquid is able to move up the filter paper because its attraction to itself is stronger than the force of gravity. Another principle is solubility which is the degree to which a material dissolves into a solvent. Solutes dissolve into solvents that have similar properties. This allows different solutes to be separated by different combinations of solvents. The separation of components depends on both their solubility in the mobile phase and their differential affinity to the mobile phase and the stationary phase. In 1903 Mikhail Tswett discovered chromatography he produced a colorful separation of plant pigments through a column of calcium carbonate. Chromatography became developed substantially as a result of the work of Archer John Porter Martin and Richard Laurence Millington Synge during the 1940s and 1950s. They established the principles and basic techniques of partition chromatography, and their work encouraged the rapid development of several types of chromatography method: paper chromatography, gas chromatography, and what would become known as high performance liquid chromatography. Since then, the technology has advanced rapidly. Researchers found that the main principles of Tsvets chromatography could be applied in many different ways, resulting in the different varieties of chromatography described below. Simultaneously, advances continually improved the technical performance of chromatography, allowing the separation of increasingly similar molecules. Scientists discovered that a strip of porous (full of small holes) filter paper could substitute for the column of absorbing powder. (Chromatography, p. 2) A drop of the mixture that was going to be separated was placed on the paper, and then one edge of the paper is dipped into the solvent. The solvent then spreads across the paper when this happens the mixtures components are carried with it. In paper chromatography the distance traveled by the component is the retention factor of the sample. The Rf value is the ratio between how far the component travels and the distance the solvent travels from a common starting point (the origin). After the components have finished spreading across the paper, the paper needs to be dried and sprayed with reagent that changes the color of the component. Some of the pigments dissolve quicker than others, which causes them to move up the paper through capillary action into different areas. This separation allows the different pigments to be identified while on the paper through color identification. Because molecules in ink and other mixtures have different characteristics (such as size and solubility), they travel at different speeds when pulled along a piece of paper by a solvent (in this case, water). For example, black ink contains several colors. When the water flows through a word written in black, the molecules of each one of the colors behave differently, resulting in a sort of rainbow effect. Many common inks are water soluble and spread apart into the component dyes using water as a solvent. Components move at different speeds, so they will show up separated spots. These will need to be cut out and analyzed further. Candy chromatography is what we will use in our experiment to determine what really makes those colors in Skittles.

The End of Oppression for Jamaican Women Essay -- Oppression Feminism

The End of Oppression for Jamaican Women Women have been oppressed in many places and in many different ways over the years, but in Jamaica this continuing trend is finally to be broken. "Sexual or gender inequality represents as essential and integral feature of social relations and culture construction in Jamaica, where for the past four hundred years colonial and imperialist exploitation has governed the development of economic, political, and sociocultural patterns and structures."(Harrison: Women in Jamaica's Urban Informal Economy pg. 12) Women have different roles in politics, economics and religion than their counterparts. It is important to know not just the general role of women, but it is also important to know where they come from. Women have not played a big role in politics, have been oppressed economically, and have not received equal pay. In the Rastafarian culture women are subservient, this is slowly changing. Where does this leave Jamaican women? A race looking for strong women role models. "Black women do not lack heroines or role models. They do though, need to rescue them from the shadows of selective history." (http://www.internurse.com /marymain.htm) Throughout the history of Jamaica there have been great women leaders and musicians, such as, Nanny of the Maroons, Queen Omega, Mary Jane Seacole, Marcia Griffith, Judy Mowatt, and Sister Carol. Currently it is very important today in Jamaica for young girls to have role models. Not only has Jamaican society and Rastafarian culture suppressed women, but other countries have as well. Going way back in history to the 1700's one can find a strong woman who is still talked about today. Nanny of the Maroons lived in the 1700'sm when people living in Ja... ..., 1997, URL: http://www.bobmarley.com/life/legacy/rita/ritainterview.html. Steffens, Roger, "Rita Marley", URL: http://hem.passagen.se/perdavid/ritaM.htm. 4/3/00. Timm, Bob, "Interview with Sister Carol", Nov 3, 1999, URL: http://ska.about.com/entertainment/ska/library/1999/aa110399b.htm. 4/11/00. United Nations Research Institute for Social Development, "Consultation on Gender and Industrial Policy", Aug. 1995, URL: http://www.unrisd.org/html/focus/focus1/eng/f1e12.htm. 4/3/00. Webmaster@jamaicaway.com, "Excellent Nanny of Maroons", 1999, URL: www.jamaicaway.com/Heroes/NannyPage.html. 4/3/00. Webmaster@sit.edu, "Jamaica Gender and Development", Jan 10, 2000, URL: http://www.sit.edu/studyabroad/americas/jamaica.html. 3/25/00. Whitemanm, Burchell, "Nanny of the Maroons", Feb. 1998, URL: www.kasnet.com/heroesofjamaica/nan/nan/nan1.htm. 4/3/00.