Russia and the Cuban Missile Crisis Essay - 939 Words

Russia, The Cuban Missile Crisis During the end of World War II, a political struggle existed between the Western World, North Atlantic Treaty Organization allies, and the Eastern Bloc. Lasting until 1991, this struggle was better known as the Cold War. At the helm of these sides was the United States of America and the Union of Socialist Soviet Republics or better known as the Soviet Union. Both of these nations were constantly competing amongst each other in order to demonstrate their superiority of their politico-economic system. This was also done through proxy conflicts such as political, development aid, and military just to name a few. Their focus went towards post World War II European nations in trying to win over these†¦show more content†¦Several medium range ballistic missiles (MRBM’s) were placed in Cuban territory. The exact amount came to approximately thirty six to forty two medium SS-4’s. Of those missiles, only six of them were decoys in an attempt to deceive for a potential attack towards the United States. Ranging 1,266 miles, these missiles had the capability of reaching major cities like New Orleans, Washington D.C and even Miami. Just one of the warheads had an explosive capacity of about one megaton which is the equivalent to one million tons of explosive. This yielded with over sixty times as much destructive force to the atomic bomb that was dropped in Hiroshima, Japan. That was simply 16,000 kilotons equaling 16,000 tons of explosive. Along the Cuban coast, the Soviets placed around 80 variant missiles evenly among four missile batteries. Many of the warheads for these missiles were delivered to Cuba by the beginning of the Missile Crisis back in 1962. They were to be used in case of a counter against an American invasion of Cuba The Cuban Missile Crisis was a thirteen-day confrontation from October 15 to October 28, 1962. During this time there was conflict was between the United States and the Soviet Union over the positioning of nuclear missiles in Cuba. During 1962 on the island of Cuba, the Soviet Union secretly placed nuclear-tipped missiles. After evidence of a U-2 spy plane showing the discovery of Soviet nuclear tipped missiles, President Kennedy was not willingShow MoreRelatedEssay about The Cuban Missile Crisis756 Words   |  4 PagesThe Cuban Missile Crisis Between 1959 and 1962 relations between USA and Cuba deteriorated. Up until 1959, America had kept General Batista in power over Cuba and had strong links, especially in trade. Castro’s ascent to power in 1959 triggered the short-term events contributing to the Cuban Missile Crisis. The main cause of the Cuban Missile Crisis was the cold relationship between the two great superpowers: America and Russia. This hadRead MoreThe Effects of the Cuba Missile Crisis Essay1656 Words   |  7 PagesThe Effects of the Cuba Missile Crisis During the Cuba missile crisis near every newspaper and radio station would talk about how the end of the world on the brink of destruction. Because of this many people around this time lived in fear and felt the world was going to end. The effects of the Cuba missile crisis didn’t just affect the two nations its effects also had major effects on the people of these nations, the world, and the countries themselves. These effects only truly made the worldRead MoreThe Cuban Missile Crisis During The Cold War1378 Words   |  6 PagesThe Cuban Missile Crisis occurred in 1963 in a setting that was the high point of tension in the Cold War. The most significant background cause of the Cuban Missile Crisis was the underlying cold war ideology of capitalism vs communism. This was dramatically increased by the second key cause, a series of events that quickly built tensions between the super powers from 1959 such as the U2 incident, JFK’s response to the Berlin Wall, and the Bay of Pigs incident. The third cause was the relationshipRead MoreCuban and U.S. Relations Essay example1098 Words   |  5 PagesCuban and U.S. Relations From the time, Fidel Castro came to power in Cuba tensions ran high between the Cuban government and the United States government. Relations between Cuba and the United States grew during Eisenhower and Kennedy administrations. Not as much during the Eisenhower administration as the Kennedy administration did tensions between between the two countries intensify. Kennedy faced many a different situations as President. He faced such situations like the Bay of PigsRead MoreThirteen Days786 Words   |  4 Pagesa historical account of the Cuban Missile Crisis. It is told from the perspective of Robert F. Kennedy, senator and brother to President John F. Kennedy. It is an account of the thirteen days in October of 1962. It lasted from the 16th to the 28th. During this time many crucial events in United States. These thirteen days were the time period in which the fate of the world was decided. The focus of the book was on the decision of both the United States and Russia. The United States had to comeRead MoreThe Significance of the Cuban Missile Crisis Essay1686 Words   |  7 Pagesspeaking about the Cuban Missile Crisis, President Kennedy said, It is insane that two men, sitting on opposite sides of the world, should be able to decide to bring an end to civilization† (â€Å"Nuclear Test Ban Treaty† 1). the Cuban Missile Crisis was a time where these two men, Kennedy and Khrushchev, had the power in their hands to end civilization. In order to understand the importance of the Cuban Missile Crisis one must understand, the Cold war drama; the dangerous crisis; and its importanceRead MoreRealist Perpective on the Cuban Missile Crisis Essay834 Words   |  4 PagesThe Realist Perspective on the Cuban Missile Crisis In October of 1962, the United States and the Soviet Union reached a near-nuclear experience when in a short fourteen days; Russia was caught building nuclear missile bases in Cuba. With the Second World War just barely in the past, the United States was still on their toes making sure they were in the clear. When they sent the U-2 spy plane to monitor Cuba they found missile bases that were armed and ready to wipe out the western hemisphereRead MoreThe Cuban Missile Crisis Of 19621575 Words   |  7 Pagesagainst the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR, Russia or Soviets). During this period of time for both military and political conflict between the two countries, there was a short period of time that not only put these two nations on alert put the rest of the world of a potential nuclear war. This period of time would come to be known as the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962, which occurred from 16 to 28 October of that year. This crisis was building up due to the failed op eration of overthrowingRead MoreCuban Missile Impact On The World Of The Cold War902 Words   |  4 PagesCuban Missile War Is Cuban communism the beginning of the Cold War? Could the Cuban Missile Crisis end in the world devastation? According to freedictionary.com, nuclear war is â€Å"war in which nuclear weapons are used by both sides. As generally used, the term assumes major use of nuclear weapons by at least two opposing warring states.† The invasion of Cuba by United States caused by the alliances between Cuba and the Soviet Union brought conflict between those countries. The United State tried toRead MoreCuban-Russian Relations1710 Words   |  7 PagesCuba’s unpredictable shift toward socialism and its growing dependence on the Soviet Union divided both the leadership and the country at large. With a relationship dating back to before Fidel Castro’s installment into power, Russia and Cuba have both played major roles in the development and regression of each other’s economies and societies. The first official diplomatic relationship between the Soviet Union and Cuba began developing during World War II, in 1943. With the establishment of the

First Fight The Birth Of The Army - 1665 Words

FIRST TO FIGHT: THE BIRTH OF THE ARMY USAACE NCOA SSG Bryan J. Lowney 15Z SLC 17-003 SFC Maradol Americans have had a sense of freedom and independence since before there was a United States of America. Americans have always believed in their way of life; they have been fighting for their way of life since before their country existed. The battles of Lexington and Concord happened during April of 1775. These military engagements were accomplished by the Massachusetts State militia; led, equipped, armed, paid for and supported by the colony from which it was raised (Maass, n.d.). The Continental Congress, comprised of delegates from the thirteen original colonies, saw a need for a national army in their hope for†¦show more content†¦The year 1775 was the year that the world would change; hostilities within the American colonies would boil over into an all-out war. The year 1775 was the year that an Army was born in order to protect a uniquely American way of life. On April 18, 1775, an American rebel leader named Joseph Warren learned that a British Army unit occupy ing Boston would deploy from the city into the countryside. The British mission was to confiscate rebel arms and equipment from a nearby town called Concord within the same colony of Massachusetts. Warren dispatched two men during the middle of that night, Paul Revere and William Dawes, to alert the militiamen in Concord â€Å"the British were coming†. On the morning of April 19, 1775, about 700 British troops arrived in the town of Lexington from Boston on their march to Concord; seventy-seven American militiamen met them on the town’s green. A British Army officer yelled to the militiamen to â€Å"Throw down your arms! Ye villains, ye rebels!† (Fighting Breaks Out, n.d.). An officer within the militia ranks gave the order for the militia to disperse. A single musket shot rang out from an unknown source shortly after the militia began to leave the field. The British unit then fired several volleys at the American militiamen. Eight American militiamen we re dead, and nine lay wounded when the engagement was over. The British suffered oneShow MoreRelatedThe Battle Of A Greek Poet1076 Words   |  5 PagesSimonides of Ceos, a Greek poet, wrote an epitaph to commemorate the three hundred Spartans’ brave sacrifice against the massive Persian Army. The Greek epitaph translates to â€Å"Go tell the Spartans passerby, that here, by Spartan law, we lie.† The three hundred Spartans died obeying their country’s law, â€Å"Never to flee in battle, however many the enemy may be, but to remain in the ranks and to conquer or die.† This law is the epitome of a warrior society that the Spartans wanted to create. At theRead MoreEssay about The Importance of the Army in Spartan Society.785 Words   |  4 PagesThe importance of the army in Spartan society: The entire Spartan society revolved around the army, essentially making it the key aspect of Spartan life and culture. The army influenced areas such as education and social structure as well as being the most important defence of Sparta in both combat and reputation. After an embarrassing defeat at the battle of Hysiai Sparta went through great military change, these changes dramatically changed all other areas of Spartan life, turning Sparta intoRead MoreThe Importance of Honor and Virtue Essay example914 Words   |  4 Pagesprestige within his army. The more ridicule and public humiliation that is done to your enemy shows everyone else what kind of warrior you are. A great, fierce and most of all honored warrior. A warrior without honor does not have meaning in his life. Honor is more important than life itself. Akhilleus is considered to be the best warrior by far any other such as Hector. Akhilleus has all the characteristics of a great warrior, and proves that he is in the Achaean army, but he has characterRead MoreThe Battle Of The Alamo1634 Words   |  7 Pagesin not only the Texas Revolution, but American and Mexican history as well. The battle of the Alamo started in February of 1836 and ended in March of 1836, lasting less than two weeks’ total. The battle was between the Mexican army and the rebelling Texans. The Mexican army was led by the Mexican President and General, Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna, while the rebelling Texans were led by Lt. Colonel William Travis, Jim Bowie, and David Crockett. The battle of the Alamo happened to be one of the mostRead MoreThe War Of The Vietnam War1693 Words   |  7 Pagesvictories made, Americans might try to process the question of who won the Vietnam War. The Vietnam War never had a declared victor. America got involved in the Vietn am War during the year of 1965. The United States first became involved in the war by financially supporting France in the first Indochina War. After that, Vietnam was separated from France’s control. South Vietnam and France were America’s allies. President Kennedy sent roughly 2,000 military advisors to South Vietnam for support. Soon,Read MoreDeclaration Of Independence : Slaves, Women And Native Indians1062 Words   |  5 PagesEssay: Option 1 Declaration of Independence: Slaves, Women and Native Indians On July 4,1776 Second Continental Congress adopted a statement to fight against the unfair British Monarchy and promote the People’s Law and Republicanism by forming their own country. This statement is called â€Å"Declaration of Independence†. It was originally composed by Thomas Jefferson and later updated by the Congress.The declaration explains the reasons for thirteen states to seek republicanism and be independentRead MoreThe Napoleonic Era Has Remain Fundamentally Relevant Today987 Words   |  4 PagesNapoleons staff and learned a lot from failure as well as success. During my paper I will discuss three main points that represent a few of Napoleons contributes to the current military. The first point will be the change from dynastic armies to ideological nationalism. This change was valuable because the army called for volunteers and most of the population supported the revolution.2 The second point will be Napoleons ability to master maneuver wafare. Claus ewitz and Jomini were two military scholarsRead MoreThe Movie Spartacus 987 Words   |  4 Pages here we are. His name is Spartacus and this is his story. Spartacus was born 109 BC in Thrace, Southeast Europe. Old right? I know that’s what I thought when I found that out. Spartacus lived during the first century BCE, cool right? He was a Thracian by birth and was enslaved by the Roman army. Spartacus had no siblings. He did have a wife though, but her name is unknown. He might have a son since he had a wife, but there is no documented proof that he did. Plutarch, by what they have found, isRead MoreThe Long Shadow Of Lincoln s Gettysburg Address1137 Words   |  5 Pagesits civil war, it was one of the bloodiest wars and constitutional and political crisis, â€Å" As many as 51,000 were dead, wounded, or missing after the bloodiest single battle in all of the United States history† (GETTYSBURG 9). After the decades of fights over slavery the United States was brought in to a war. The people saw Lincoln’s election as a â€Å"mortal threat to slavery, an institution central to their economy and way of life† (GETTYSBURG 9). They thought that Lincoln would change their way ofRead MoreAlexander the Great is known as one of the most significant and most influential historical figures1000 Words   |  4 Pagesof Macedon at the time, his mother was Phillip II’s fourth wife, Olympias. Phillip II did have seven or eight wives; Olympias was known to be the one that stayed around for the longest as she did give birth to Alexander. There are many legends that in fact surround Alexander’s childhood and birth. According to an ancient Greek philosopher â€Å"Plutarch†, Olympias on the eve of her marriage her womb was struck by a thunderbolt. This caused a flame to spread far into the vastness of Greece and beyond

Management Theory and Practice for Theory- MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theManagement Theory and Practicefor Agency Theory. Answer: Introduction Various factors determine the success of an organisation. Organisational theories help organisations to identify the problems and introduce patterns and structures that maximise the efficiency of problem-solving techniques and increases productivity. This report critically analyses the various theories of organisational action and discusses the possibility of combining the theories as one universal theory. Critical Analysis of Agency and Determinist Theories in Organisational action Agency Theory Agency theory describes the management of relationships between the people who are setting the work and the people who are doing the work. When an individual hires someone to do a work, he creates a relationship with the person hired (Ashkanasy Humphrey, 2011). The individual hires when he or she is unable to do the work or is not willing to do it. This theory refers the hiring party as the principal and the hired party as the agent. In the corporate sector, the shareholders are the principal who transfers the job to the management to do the duties on their behalf. These management people are the agents of the shareholders. This theory states that every individual be the principal or the agent is motivated to work to fulfil its self-interests. This is the main drawback of the theory. If both the parties work for their self-interest then the motivation of agents will inevitably conflict with the goal set by the principal. Principals expect agents to fulfil the goals set by them and w ork solely for the interest of the goal (Bergeron et al. 2013). Agency Loss is the standard for measuring the difference between the expected results of the goal set by the principal and the actual outcomes, which the agents bring by their course of action. Agency loss becomes highest when the agent does not do anything to fulfil the goal but work only for fulfilling its self-interests. Both the parties are responsible for minimising the agency loss. Principal and agent can minimise the agency loss by sharing common interests. The principal can reduce agency loss by understanding the consequences of the agent's action. The main challenge of this theory is to set a standard for agents' actions in corporate level so that the agents work for the goal of the principal by setting aside their self-interest (Berry, Carpenter Barratt, 2012). In Agency relationships, the agents should have moral responsibilities for their action and simply cannot deny them because they act as agents for their principals. Examples of agency relationships in finance includ e Investment bankers who act as agents for their principals or the clients and the financial advisors who act as agents for their clients or principals. Agency theory is a controversial theory though it has immense importance. Williamson in 1985 identified that certain individuals exhibited opportunistic behaviour and not the entire mass. Hence, he suggested organisations develop methods for screening the trustworthiness of the employees (Sevenpillarsinstitute.org, 2017). Hill in 1990 stated that even in a situation where everyone is inclined to behave opportunistically, there would be individuals who will never break trust and work with co-operation. Donaldson in 1990 criticised this theory as less developed and an oversimplifying methodology. He stated that this theory disregards other research works and it has a very narrow definition of work motivation (Sevenpillarsinstitute.org, 2017). According to him, it has dominance in organisational economics and corporate governance defensiveness. He observed that organisations disregarded the traditional organisational theories and regarding behaviour and trustworthiness and worked on dev eloping assumptions. Views are different for the supporters of this theory. For example, Podrug in 2010 stated that controlling individual behaviour leads to stronger opportunistic behaviour, reduces trustworthiness and finally results in distrust. Tipuric in 2008 supported this theory stating that the intentions of agents are clear when the principal and the agents have common interests (Sevenpillarsinstitute.org, 2017). Population Ecology This theory has faced many criticisms. Young in 1988 and Donaldson in 1995 stated that this theory is ambiguous and lacks a general agreement on the definitions of the key constructs. Young stated that the niches, inertia or rates of environmental change are hard to understand and describe. As there is a lacking of the precise definition of the construct, common conceptualization across the field is difficult and it is not feasible to generalise different contexts (Chiang Hsieh, 2012). On the other hand, Singh and Lumsden in 1990 stated that the criticism of the lack of discipline-wide definition is not useful because according to them these constructs are used in other disciplines and does not have a workable definition in those fields also (Freepatentsonline.com, 2017). There are also issues with the application and methodology of this theory. The theory can be classified into two main types based on the method of population classification. One classification is of Hannan and Free man. According to them as organisations are not alike hence, researchers need to define organisational forms according to the research problem. McKelvey stated that each organisation and population should have different scientific classifications. The theory faces criticism on the demography of the organisations that the researchers examine (Chun et al. 2013). Astley and Van de Ven in 1983 and Perrow in 1986 stated that the theory only deals with smaller organisations because bigger organisations are immune to a selection process. On the other hand, many theorists considered this criticism as narrow. Caroll in 1984 and Barnett in 1990 stated that researchers have also examined big and powerful organisations for its size dependence, domination in technological systems and size-based segmentation of population. Van Witteloostuijn in 2000 stated that this theory lacks detailed investigation because there is focus on large-scale quantitative studies. Delacroix and Caroll in 1983 stated that organisational funding studies of this theory are limited because they do not consider unsuccessful findings. Astley and Van De Ven in 1983 stated that this theory is too much deterministic (Freepatentsonline.com, 2017). Structural Contingency Theory This theory states that one structure does not fit all organisations. The structure that fits certain contingencies are the most effective structures (Colquitt, Lepine Wesson, 2011). Galunic and Eisenhardt in 1994 stated that this theory is static and cannot deal with changes in the organisation. On the other hand, Parsons in 1961 stated that this theory is based on a functionalist tradition of social science and considers organisations fit to adapt to changing environments (Freepatentsonline.com, 2017). According to Hamilton and Shergill an organisation in fit is highly productive which leads to its expansion of size. Chandler, on the other hand, stated that this expansion causes a change in contingencies, which is a misfit in existing structure and hence leads to low performance. SARFIT is a process depicted in the main theory of structural contingency, which denotes structural adaptation to regain fit. There is a contrast between the main structural theory and SARFIT. The structu ral theory is an equilibrium theory in which organisations are depicted as attaining fit and then in equilibrium. SARFIT on the other hand considers organisations as temporarily fit until there is a surplus of contingencies caused by its expansion. Critics of this theory argue that it is not a good suggestion for the organisations to change according to the change in contingencies because the contingencies itself change to fit with the organisation (De Wit, Greer Jehn, 2012). Institutional Theory This theory provides a rich and complex view of organisations. It studies the internal and external factors affecting organisations. This theory is a rewarding theory for an organisation because it gives much more importance to the stakeholders for deciding the legitimacy of an organisation, unlike other theories (DuBrin, 2013). This theory is considered as the best-fit approach. Rowan examined that this theory and found out that an organisation is steady and long lasting when there is co-operation in its environment. Tolbert and Zucker also supported this theory that organisations under pressure adopt changes quickly. Di Maggio and Powell stated that the institutional pressures increase the homogeneity of organisational structures. Resource Dependency Theory This theory describes the organisational terms with respect to those resources that the organisations need to survive. It is a useful theory for describing the differences of power across organisations and the choice of strategies (Eatough et al. 2011). According to some theorists, this theory is the main reason why some nonprofit organisations have commercialised more. Hillman et al. (2009), Davis and Cobb (2010), Drees Heugens (2013), Sharif Yeoh (2014) have discussed the importance of this theory in influencing organisational behaviour through alliances, joint ventures, mergers and acquisitions (Hrmguide.co.uk, 2017). The theory has received many criticisms. Donaldson in 1995 stated that as the theory focuses on the relevance of power structures it neglected economics and efficiency factors that influence organisational behaviour. Tolbert in 1985 stated that the objection that this theory receives because of its concentration of material resources is not wholly true. Johnson in 1995 stated that the theory can be extended to include symbolic resources. Clegg in 1998 stated that the theory is wrong based on a narrow concept of power controlling objective resources. The major drawback of this theory is that it fail to regard the role of cultural, ideological and institutional forces in organisational behaviour (Fishbein Ajzen, 2011). Probability of Reconciliation of Organisational Theories as one Universal Theory Every organisational theory has its own advantages and disadvantages. Organisations cannot ignore any of the theories totally. A combination of all the above theories will help organisations to increase effectively their productivity (Fisher To, 2012). The operations of nearly all organisations are same. However, they differ in size and function but they follow the basic structure of operating through the division of labour, a decision-making structure and rules and policies (Locke, 2011). The Population Ecology theory classifies organisations according to the common characteristics and behaviours. This theory helps to identify what kind of organisational strategies are required for a particular type of organisation population. Here comes the importance of the resource dependency theory (Miner, 2015). According to this theory, the organisations need external resources that are resources from other organisations to survive. It emphasises that organisations are interdependent. The institutional theory focuses on implementing the strategies of competitors for becoming legitimate to stakeholders. The Contingency theory describes the strategies that are fit for particular organisations. The global theory can be a combination of all these theories for organisational behaviour (Moore et al. 2012). This theory can identify the strategies followed by parallel organisations through population ecology followed by resource dependency for identifying the companies for working in th e joint venture for production improvement. Then the organisations can implement institutional theory for implementing the strategies identified from the previous theories and then can implement strategies that are relevant to that particular organisation and are identified from contingency theory (Umphress, Bingham Mitchell, 2010). Hence, organisations combine all the organisational theories into one universal approach for better functioning and increasing the productivity of an organisation (Walumbwa, Hartnell Oke, 2010). Conclusion Organisational behaviour is the key to success of any organisation. Hence managers need to understand that individual needs and expectations and organisational goals and expectations are interrelated. Good leadership skills along with the knowledge of strategies for developing a group will help perform an individual in the group at its peak level. Managers can avoid problems like social loafing and groupthink by resolving issues related to the team member differences and giving a clear guideline of roles and responsibilities, company expectancy and motivating the employees through constructive feedback and rewards. References Ashkanasy, N. M., Humphrey, R. H. (2011). Current emotion research in organizational behavior.Emotion Review,3(2), 214-224. Bergeron, D. M., Shipp, A. J., Rosen, B., Furst, S. A. (2013). Organizational citizenship behavior and career outcomes: The cost of being a good citizen.Journal of Management,39(4), 958-984. Berry, C. M., Carpenter, N. C., Barratt, C. L. (2012). Do other-reports of counterproductive work behavior provide an incremental contribution over self-reports? A meta-analytic comparison. Chiang, C. F., Hsieh, T. S. (2012). The impacts of perceived organizational support and psychological empowerment on job performance: The mediating effects of organizational citizenship behavior.International Journal of Hospitality Management,31(1), 180-190.Elangovan, A. R., Pinder, C. C., McLean, M. (2010). Callings and organizational behavior.Journal of Vocational Behavior,76(3), 428-440. Chun, J. S., Shin, Y., Choi, J. N., Kim, M. S. (2013). How does corporate ethics contribute to firm financial performance? The mediating role of collective organizational commitment and organizational citizenship behavior.Journal of Management,39(4), 853-877. Colquitt, J., Lepine, J. A., Wesson, M. J. (2011).Organizational behavior: Improving performance and commitment in the workplace. McGraw-Hill Irwin. De Wit, F. R., Greer, L. L., Jehn, K. A. (2012). The paradox of intragroup conflict: a meta-analysis. DuBrin, A. J. (2013).Fundamentals of organizational behavior: An applied perspective. Elsevier. Eatough, E. M., Chang, C. H., Miloslavic, S. A., Johnson, R. E. (2011). Relationships of role stressors with organizational citizenship behavior: a meta-analysis. Fishbein, M., Ajzen, I. (2011).Predicting and changing behavior: The reasoned action approach. Taylor Francis. Fisher, C. D., To, M. L. (2012). Using experience sampling methodology in organizational behavior.Journal of Organizational Behavior,33(7), 865-877. Freepatentsonline.com. (2017). FPO IP Research Communities. [online] Available at: https://www.freepatentsonline.com [Accessed 16 May 2017]. Hrmguide.co.uk. (2017). UK Human Resource Management Articles. [online] Available at: https://www.hrmguide.co.uk [Accessed 16 May 2017]. Locke, E. (Ed.). (2011).Handbook of principles of organizational behavior: Indispensable knowledge for evidence-based management. John Wiley Sons. Luthans, F. (2010).Organizational behavior: An evidence-based approach. McGraw-Hill Irwin. Miner, J. B. (2015).Organizational behavior 1: Essential theories of motivation and leadership. Routledge. Moore, C., Detert, J. R., Klebe Trevio, L., Baker, V. L., Mayer, D. M. (2012). Why employees do bad things: Moral disengagement and unethical organizational behavior.Personnel Psychology,65(1), 1-48. Sevenpillarsinstitute.org. (2017). Cite a Website - Cite This For Me. [online] Available at: https://sevenpillarsinstitute.org [Accessed 16 May 2017]. Umphress, E. E., Bingham, J. B., Mitchell, M. S. (2010). Unethical behavior in the name of the company: the moderating effect of organizational identification and positive reciprocity beliefs on unethical pro-organizational behavior.Journal of Applied Psychology,95(4), 769. Walumbwa, F. O., Hartnell, C. A., Oke, A. (2010). Servant leadership, procedural justice climate, service climate, employee attitudes, and organizational citizenship behavior: a cross-level investigation.Journal of Applied Psychology,95(3), 517.