The Great Pyramid Essays - Giza Plateau, , Term Papers

The Great Pyramid The great pyramid was built during the reign of Khufu, 2nd king of the fourth dynasty (2,720-2,560 BC). It stands on the Giza plateau nearby Cairo and is the biggest pyramid in the world. It measures 230 m (756 ft) on each side of its base and originally measured 147 m (482 ft) high. Beginning in the 10th century AD the entire Giza complex served as a source of building materials for the construction of Cairo; as a result, all three pyramids were stripped of their original smooth outer facing of limestone. The core masonry consists of large blocks of local limestone taken from the nearby quarries and built around and over a rocky knoll. The size of the knoll cannot be determined, since it is completely covered by the pyramid. The entrance to the pyramid is in the center of the northern face. It is located in the thirteenth course of masonry from the base. This entrance has a pointed roof formed of massive slabs of local limestone and opens into a long steeply descending passage. From there a 36 meters long ascending passage leads to a 35 meters long horizontal passage that leads to the so called 'Queen's chamber'. This chamber measures 5.2 by 5.7 meters and the maximum height of its pointed roof is about 15 meters. The north and south walls each have a small hole a few centimeters square about 1 meter from the floor. These lead into narrow channels that originally opened on the exterior of the pyramid. At the juncture of the ascending and horizontal passage is an opening of a shaft which descends to a depth of 60 meters. It opens into the lower part of the descending passage, close to the unfinished, underground chamber, and is believed to have been an escape shaft for the workmen who filed the ascending passage with huge stones after the king's funeral. From the horizontal passage the Grand Gallery, which leads to the king's chamber, starts. It is 47 meters long and 8.5 meters high, and has a corbelled roof. In the center of the floor is a sunken ramp about 60 centimeters deep. The Grand Gallery ends in a horizontal granite passage which serves as an antechamber. It measures 8.4 meters long and 3.1 meters high, and has slots for three portcullises. Beyond the antechamber is the so-called 'King's Chamber' which is lined, roofed and paved with red granite. It measures 5.2 by 10.8 meters and is 5.8 meters high. Its flat roof is formed of nine monolithic slabs of granite. The northern and southern walls each have an 'air channel', one of which is open to the outside. The Pyramid can be seen to have about two hundred level courses of squared stones. The layers all have a different thickness ranging between approximately 50 and 145 centimeters. The average block size is about 1 cubic meter. On the Khufu pyramid, all the casing elements were removed in the 14th century. The few casing stones which do remain in the Great Pyramid all lie in the 1.5 meter thick bottom course and cannot be representative of the stones which would have been used in the higher parts of the construction. The only examples of face work such as this which remain are those on the pyramids at Meidum, Dashur andGiza.

Teens Are Not The Problem

Teens Are Not The Problem Free Online Research Papers This topic will deal with juveniles today and examine in-depth their behaviors as compared to the past. Then I will analyze the juvenile justice system and discuss the laws that are designed to protect them, but are often to harsh. I’ve been in the system and know this topic first hand. In this I will determine that teens aren’t the problem in today’s society, in fact the crime rate of juveniles has decreased, in addition the juvenile laws should be more lenient. The juvenile justice system was established in the U.S. the early 20th century due to the fact that they thought children were different from adults and the state should take responsibility on protecting and rehabilitating young offenders (Sanborn and Salerno). A juvenile is a youth at or below the upper age of original jurisdiction in a State, basically most states set it at age seventeen. In the past twenty years, youth crime rates have decreased but the public’s perception has caused the dismantling of the juvenile court system and tougher crime legislation, like trying children as adults and increasing incarceration as the solution to juvenile delinquency. Until the end of the 19th century juveniles were tried as adults and were also housed with men and women, sane and insane both. Then came the doctrine parens patriae (the State as Parent) which established the new right for the state to intervene and to provide protection for children whose parents did not provide adequate care or supervision. The media surrounding rare school shootings and other violent crime by youth offenders has succeeded in scaring the public. There was less than a one in two million chance of being killed in a school in America in 1998-1999, yet 71% of Americans felt that a school shooting was likely in their community (The Center of Juvenile Justice and Criminal Justice). Teenagers show either the larger declines or smaller increases (depending on crime category) in rates of serious offending compared to adults. The youngest teens and children show the largest declines in crimes of any age group, foretelling a law abiding coming generation (National Center for Juvenile Justice). From 1985 to the early 1990s, the number of teenagers arrested for murder nearly tripled before declining sharply in the mid- and late 1990s. By failing to mention key facts, authorities have seriously presented this trend as showing todays generation to be more prone to slaughter. Baron asks why do juveniles commit crimes? Family members, friends, and peers are all influences. It is sometimes accompanied by a desire for material things, fashion, peer pressure, cash and more. At times, the demands of wants and needs are intensified by a society that consists of high mobility, social change, and is materialistic. Also, social changes can create anxiety and disillusionment for adolescents and thus they commit delinquent acts. All juvenile delinquent behaviors are influenced not only by what goes on in the environment in which juveniles live, but also by what they observe in adults, what they listen to, learn from peer groups, parents, relatives, and society at large. Juvenile delinquency is not an inherent human condition, but rather is learned through association, imitation, observation, pressure, needs, wants, influence and desires (Krisberg). Youths who violate the law are no longer guaranteed special treatment simply because they are young. As of now no state has formally abolished the juvenile courts exclusive jurisdiction over young offenders, but every state in the country has taken major steps in that direction. It’s very likely that the states will ultimately abolish the concept of delinquency and that all law violations by young people will one day be handled in criminal court. What this means is the day may come when a crime is a crime is a crime, regardless of the offenders age (Caldwell, Vitacco, and Van Rybroek). This means that the death penalty will be used more often. Also the sentencing will not be lenient anymore. Then the juveniles will be placed with the general population in jail. They will be will all the murders and rapists. That will unfortunately be traumatizing to them. The odder inmates will take advantage of the juvenile offender. Juveniles have a better change of recovery and to just throw them into the criminal system is not the answer. The Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention states there are many ways to prevent or decrease juvenile crime. Tribal Youth Program Training and Technical Assistance is one program that is designed to help tribal communities develop comprehensive, systemic approaches to reducing juvenile delinquency, violence, and child victimization and to increase the safety of tribal communities. There is a Youth Crime Watch of America’s new Youth Speakers’ Bureau that offers youth crime watchers the opportunity to teach and train in their local area and around the country. It also gives youth the tools to design their own solutions to the problems of crime, violence, and drugs (Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention). There is this program called the Title V Community Prevention Grants Program that focuses on reducing risks and enhancing protective factors to prevent youth at risk of becoming delinquent from entering the juvenile justice system and to intervene with first-time and no serious offenders to keep them out of the juvenile justice system. Research Papers on Teens Are Not The ProblemThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseCapital PunishmentPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationPETSTEL analysis of IndiaEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenUnreasonable Searches and SeizuresComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesRelationship between Media Coverage and Social and

Responses to blogs that I will put below Article

Responses to blogs that I will put below - Article Example While it is a great idea to implement such a law, I am skeptical that people would like to actively participate in the effective implementation of such a law until they find certain incentives in doing that. I think that such a law can be made more effective by developing a lottery scheme in which, people who have generated more material for recycling compared to others should be entitled to some rewards. It is up to the government to establish the minimum limit for such a competition and the rewards. In addition, government also needs to create awareness among the public on the benefits of recycling through tv programs and other forms of media so that people understand the importance of recycling and fulfill their responsibility toward the nation. Enforcing stricter punishments to discourage the act of littering is a very effective strategy to minimize littering. Punishment and fines are what people really care about and tend to avoid, and can thus be forced to deter from littering. However, in addition to implementing this law, an additional thing that the concerned authorities can do to decrease the amount of litter is installation of more trash bins. There is no doubt that there are a lot of trash bins everywhere in the US, but still if people are littering, this means that no matter how many of them have been installed, they are still not enough. People certainly need more trash bins to prefer using them on littering. Nobody would like to litter if a trash bin is in approach. In addition to this, government should introduce a scheme according to which people that have collected maximum litter throughout the year should be rewarded. It is up to the government to establish way of finding this out as there can be plenty of w ays. The law you have proposed serves to safeguard just one animal in particular whereas the medicinal benefits obtained provides health

Is the UK economy out of recession Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Is the UK economy out of recession - Essay Example The financial crisis that emerged from sub prime-mortgage crisis in 2007 in the United States transformed into a global recession. The financial and economic activities of about all the countries have been severely affected by this sub prime-mortgage crisis. The industrialised economies have been hit hard in this crisis. The UK economy underwent the impact of this crisis in the second quarter of 2008. During this period, UK faced the largest contraction in economy on record. However, the latest statistics of UK are predicting that era of soaring borrowing and economic downturn is over. At the end of year 2008, British economy could not come out of recession, showing the lagging position of economy and everyone was afraid of the potential relapse in the following year. Although the recession emerged from sub-mortgage crisis in the United States, however, UK economy was at disadvantage because it was highly dependent on the financial sector. The poor performance of UK financial sector along with the increasing levels of consumers debt, were keeping the state at a lag behind the other industrialised states, thereby, preventing UK economy to recover from global recession. The official statistics that have been published in January 2010 reveal that British economy is out of recession. While we cannot answer this question exactly, unless there have been some visible trends in the economic conditions. Before analysing whether UK is out of recession or not, looking into what has happened to UK during the last few years (particularly before recession) will be very significant. During the last ten years, the investment and growth in UK has remained passive however, the economy has faced high levels of FDI. The financial sector has become stronger both domestically and internationally whereas; the manufacturing sector has gone down. Moreover, the growth of financial

How can the growth of investments in renewable energy to achieve Dissertation

How can the growth of investments in renewable energy to achieve higher energy efficiency levels impact on world oil prices and - Dissertation Example Therefore, this study aims to determine whether or not the increased investment on renewable energy resources could literally affect the movements of the world market prices of oil. Likewise, this study will determine how massive investments made on the development of renewable energy resources can affect the economic growth of OECD countries. Research Method: A one-on-one personal interview with a couple of experts in finance and economics was conducted to know more about the impact of an increased investment in renewable energy on the world market prices of oil and the economic growth of OECD counties. Research Findings: Due to high market demand for oil, increasing the overall investment on renewable energy resources will not trigger the world market price of oil to decrease. Furthermore, the massive investment on renewable energy resources can somehow create a positive impact on the future economic growth of the OECD countries. However, serious considerations should be made befor e investing a large sum of money on a specific project. Conclusion: To increase the socio-economic benefits and return on investments (ROI) of renewable energy projects, this study concludes that strong support coming from the local people, the government, and the developers of renewable energy resources is essential. ... Table of Contents Acknowledgement ............................................................................................................... 2 Abstract ................................................................................................................................ 3 Table of Contents ................................................................................................................. 5 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................. 7 1.1 Purpose of the Study ................................................................................. 7 1.2 Research Objectives .................................................................................. 7 1.3 Research Questions ................................................................................... 8 1.4 Rationale for Selecting the Research Topic .............................................. 8 1.5 Scope and Limitations of the Study .......................................................... 9 2. Literature Review .................................................................................................... 10 2.1 Renewable Energy Resources ................................................................... 10 2.2 Types of Renewable Energy Resources Available in OECD Countries ....................................................................................... 11 2.3 Impact of Renewable Energy Investment on the Economic Growth of OECD Countries ............................................... 18 2.5 Impact of Renewable Energy Resources on Oil Prices ............................. 22 2.6 Reasons that Make it

The candy chromatography

The candy chromatography Ever wondered why candies are different colors? Many candies contain colored dyes. Bags of MMs or Skittles contain candies of various colors. Colors in candies are synthetic dyes that have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Sometimes the colors are mixtures of several dyes. The labels tell us the names of the dyes used in the candies. But which dyes are used in which candies? We can answer this by dissolving the dyes out of the candies and separating them using a method called chromatography. The topic I chose to do my research paper on candy chromatography. In this experiment we will use candy chromatography to separate the different dyes in the Skittles. By doing this, this will determine which dyes make which color in the outer coating on the Skittles. Candy chromatography is used to analyze FD and C dyes used in candy and food coloring. Also candy chromatography can be used to separate (purify) specific components from a complex mixture, based on a molecular size or other chemical properties and is used to identify chemicals. Highly accurate chromatographic methods are used for process monitoring. It is in this experiment we will find the FD and C dyes using paper chromatography. Chromatography is a technique used to separate the various components in a complex mixture solution. (Olsen, 2007 p. 1) Candy chromatography works by the components in the dye stick to each other and other substances. Scientists use chromatography to analyze or examine a mixture, its components, and their relations to one another. Also to identify or determine the identity of a mixture or components based on known components. They use it to purify and separate components in order to isolate one of interest for further study. Scientists also use chromatography to quantify and determine the amount of the mixture and the components present in the sample. Some everyday uses for chromatography are at a pharmaceutical company its used to determine each chemical found in new product. At a hospital chromatography is used to determine alcohol levels in a patients blood stream. In law enforcement its used to compare a sample found at a crime scene to samples from suspects. In an environmental agency chromatography is used to determine the level of pollutants in the water supply. In a manufacturing plant chromatography is used to purify a chemical needed to make a product. Paper chromatography has two phases a stationary phase and a mobile phase. The mobile phase flows through the stationary phase and carries the components of the mixture with it. (Clark, 2007 p.1) The paper is the stationary phase, and water is the mobile phase. The principles of paper chromatography include capillary action which is the movement of liquid within the spaces of a porous material due to the forces of adhesion, cohesion, and surface tension. The liquid is able to move up the filter paper because its attraction to itself is stronger than the force of gravity. Another principle is solubility which is the degree to which a material dissolves into a solvent. Solutes dissolve into solvents that have similar properties. This allows different solutes to be separated by different combinations of solvents. The separation of components depends on both their solubility in the mobile phase and their differential affinity to the mobile phase and the stationary phase. In 1903 Mikhail Tswett discovered chromatography he produced a colorful separation of plant pigments through a column of calcium carbonate. Chromatography became developed substantially as a result of the work of Archer John Porter Martin and Richard Laurence Millington Synge during the 1940s and 1950s. They established the principles and basic techniques of partition chromatography, and their work encouraged the rapid development of several types of chromatography method: paper chromatography, gas chromatography, and what would become known as high performance liquid chromatography. Since then, the technology has advanced rapidly. Researchers found that the main principles of Tsvets chromatography could be applied in many different ways, resulting in the different varieties of chromatography described below. Simultaneously, advances continually improved the technical performance of chromatography, allowing the separation of increasingly similar molecules. Scientists discovered that a strip of porous (full of small holes) filter paper could substitute for the column of absorbing powder. (Chromatography, p. 2) A drop of the mixture that was going to be separated was placed on the paper, and then one edge of the paper is dipped into the solvent. The solvent then spreads across the paper when this happens the mixtures components are carried with it. In paper chromatography the distance traveled by the component is the retention factor of the sample. The Rf value is the ratio between how far the component travels and the distance the solvent travels from a common starting point (the origin). After the components have finished spreading across the paper, the paper needs to be dried and sprayed with reagent that changes the color of the component. Some of the pigments dissolve quicker than others, which causes them to move up the paper through capillary action into different areas. This separation allows the different pigments to be identified while on the paper through color identification. Because molecules in ink and other mixtures have different characteristics (such as size and solubility), they travel at different speeds when pulled along a piece of paper by a solvent (in this case, water). For example, black ink contains several colors. When the water flows through a word written in black, the molecules of each one of the colors behave differently, resulting in a sort of rainbow effect. Many common inks are water soluble and spread apart into the component dyes using water as a solvent. Components move at different speeds, so they will show up separated spots. These will need to be cut out and analyzed further. Candy chromatography is what we will use in our experiment to determine what really makes those colors in Skittles.

The End of Oppression for Jamaican Women Essay -- Oppression Feminism

The End of Oppression for Jamaican Women Women have been oppressed in many places and in many different ways over the years, but in Jamaica this continuing trend is finally to be broken. "Sexual or gender inequality represents as essential and integral feature of social relations and culture construction in Jamaica, where for the past four hundred years colonial and imperialist exploitation has governed the development of economic, political, and sociocultural patterns and structures."(Harrison: Women in Jamaica's Urban Informal Economy pg. 12) Women have different roles in politics, economics and religion than their counterparts. It is important to know not just the general role of women, but it is also important to know where they come from. Women have not played a big role in politics, have been oppressed economically, and have not received equal pay. In the Rastafarian culture women are subservient, this is slowly changing. Where does this leave Jamaican women? A race looking for strong women role models. "Black women do not lack heroines or role models. They do though, need to rescue them from the shadows of selective history." (http://www.internurse.com /marymain.htm) Throughout the history of Jamaica there have been great women leaders and musicians, such as, Nanny of the Maroons, Queen Omega, Mary Jane Seacole, Marcia Griffith, Judy Mowatt, and Sister Carol. Currently it is very important today in Jamaica for young girls to have role models. Not only has Jamaican society and Rastafarian culture suppressed women, but other countries have as well. Going way back in history to the 1700's one can find a strong woman who is still talked about today. Nanny of the Maroons lived in the 1700'sm when people living in Ja... ..., 1997, URL: http://www.bobmarley.com/life/legacy/rita/ritainterview.html. Steffens, Roger, "Rita Marley", URL: http://hem.passagen.se/perdavid/ritaM.htm. 4/3/00. Timm, Bob, "Interview with Sister Carol", Nov 3, 1999, URL: http://ska.about.com/entertainment/ska/library/1999/aa110399b.htm. 4/11/00. United Nations Research Institute for Social Development, "Consultation on Gender and Industrial Policy", Aug. 1995, URL: http://www.unrisd.org/html/focus/focus1/eng/f1e12.htm. 4/3/00. Webmaster@jamaicaway.com, "Excellent Nanny of Maroons", 1999, URL: www.jamaicaway.com/Heroes/NannyPage.html. 4/3/00. Webmaster@sit.edu, "Jamaica Gender and Development", Jan 10, 2000, URL: http://www.sit.edu/studyabroad/americas/jamaica.html. 3/25/00. Whitemanm, Burchell, "Nanny of the Maroons", Feb. 1998, URL: www.kasnet.com/heroesofjamaica/nan/nan/nan1.htm. 4/3/00.