Chinese Business Essay Example for Free

Chinese Business Essay Presentation It is regularly contended that when business people of various societies arrange business bargains, there will undoubtedly be a culture conflict. I can't help contradicting this view. The facts confirm that social contrasts impact business arrangements yet with the fitting way to deal with manage the distinctions, culture conflict is to be least expected in any business dealings, particularly with the Chinese. As Sun Tzu would instructed in his book The Art concerning War â€Å"Know your foe and know yourself and you will win all battles† (Sun Tzu 1913). As indicated by Newstrom and Davis (2002) there are many striking contrasts across nations, similarly as there are some astounding likenesses. Unmistakably, occupants of every nation have their own inclinations for garments, food, amusement, and lodging. In his examination about national societies of sixty nations, Hofstede (1993) uncovered that societies vary in five key factors in particular, independence/cooperation, power separation, vulnerability evasion, manliness/womanliness, and time direction. Among these components, the Chinese have the way of life that esteem clearness and have the sort of direction that emphasize qualities, for example, need of getting ready for the future, the estimation of frugality and investment funds, and the benefits of constancy. Written works on various societies likewise group China as high-setting society which will in general underline individual relations, place an incentive on trust, center around non-verbal signals, and complement the need to take care of social needs before business matters (Newstrom and Davis 2002). Culture is significant in certain nation, for example, China. Huntinghon (2000) as refered to by Fellner (2008) characterized culture as the qualities, mentalities, convictions, and fundamental presumptions predominant among individuals in a general public. He focused on that culture is dynamic, intuitive, and synergistic, and intermixes with all the components of the general public, for example, business and monetary turn of events (Huntinghon 2000; Fellner 2008). Huiping (2009) expressed in her article entitled Understanding Chinese culture prompts business accomplishment with China’s developing centrality as a financial superpowerâ understanding the Chinese mind turns out to be extremely useful and valuable in business dealings the executives of provider relations and numerous different business circumstances. As underlined by Uthaisangchai (n. d. ), Chinese history and culture has sway in transit they work together and every one of the numerous components of the Chinese culture has a task to carry out in today Chinese business world. In Hofstede’s (1980) hypothesis of independence community as refered to by Jones (2009), the independence and cooperation measurements contrasts on the degree a culture is focused on an in-gathering, for example, more distant family, organization or town. In the individualistic culture, individuals are less appended to an in-gathering (that is, individuals are progressively egotistical and in quest for their own personal matters). In the interim in the collectivist society, individuals are progressively connected to an in-gathering, that is the interests of the in-bunch start things out. Jones (2009) additionally noted from Hofstede and Bond (1988) that such estimation of cooperation likely originates from a profound established, imbued culture dependent on the conventional way of thinking of Confucianism. Uthaisangchai (n.d,) gave accentuation of the lessons of Confucius in the improvement of the way of life of Chinese. In the article entitled Connecting Confucianism, Communism and the Chinese Culture of Commerce, Keller and Kronstedt (2005) clarified that Confucianism is a significant segment of the Chinese culture. â€Å"In a Confucian culture, everybody has a task to carry out, and the key relationship is worked around the family†¦ Chinese societies esteem family associations and ensuring connections (concealing any hint of failure). Growing ‘family-like’ connections requires significant investment and tolerance, not simply an authoritative arrangement dependent on cash. In the event that one needs to work together in a Chinese culture, it is basic to comprehend and regard Confucian values† (Keller and Kronstedt 2005). Keller and Kronstedt (2005) further accentuated the essentialness of associations Guanxi. In Confusian-based society like China, guanxi or legitimate associations are more urgent than value, item, place, and so on. As indicated by Jones (2009), China is known for being faithful to their in-group’ and preferring them in business related choice. As given accentuation by Li (2008) as refered to by Jones (2009), understanding the guanxi is basic for directing business in China and it includes developing trust, believability and correspondence. One approach to comprehend social contrasts is through the ideas of high-setting society and low-setting society. The idea of ‘context’ can be comprehended as the social condition in which a business exchange happens. Edward T. Hall’s hypothesis of high-and low-setting society clarifies the incredible impact culture has on correspondence. The nations delegated high-setting societies incorporate China, Korea, Japan, Middle East, Africa, Italy and South America in which individuals are portrayed as collectivists, social, scrutinizing and instinctive. This suggests the individuals in these social orders put accentuation on great connection between individuals from the general public. According to business exchanges, the advancement of trust is a significant advance. Lobby (1976) contended that the individuals in high-setting societies favor concordance in gathering and understanding for the accomplishment of individual individuals; additionally people settle on choices dependent on their emotions or instinct. The hypothesis further accentuated that people center around non-verbal prompts, that is, words are not all that huge in correspondence when contrasted with setting; rather, more is given accentuation on setting which incorporate outward appearance, manner of speaking of the speaker, stance, signals, and family ancestry and status of the person. The correspondence in the high-setting society is portrayed as formal and circuitous, which recommends that fancy lowliness, fancy language, and expressions of remorse that are frequently too explained are normal. Additionally, communicators in this sort of culture don't rely upon language accuracy and authoritative reports. In the interim, the nations named having low-setting society incorporate Germany, North America, Finland, Canada, Norway, Denmark, and Sweden are direct, intelligent, activity arranged, and individualistic. People in the low-setting nations esteem realities, rationale and they favor straightforwardness. Discovering answers for issues includes distinguishing and identifying the real factors and assessing every one of the choices. Likewise, every choice depends on realities; all the more regularly every conversation closes with an activity. Communicators in this sort of culture are foreseen to be succinct, direct, and effective in passing on the activity that is normal. As indicated by Hall (1976), communicators must be exact in the words utilized in conveying to be completely comprehended. All arrangements are constantly closed with unmistakable agreements. Summarizing the distinctions, from one perspective, high-setting societies will in general underline individual relations, place high an incentive on trust, center around nonverbal signs, and complement the need to take care of social needs before business matters. Then again, low-setting societies will in general decipher signals all the more truly. People will in general depend on composed guidelines and authoritative archives, direct business first, and worth ability and execution. With these arrangements of societies, it is obvious that when Americans haggle with Chinese, a disappointment in exchange if not a culture is almost certain if the previous gathering is curious about with the last mentioned. As confirmed by Minor and Lamberton (2010) from a meeting with intercultural correspondence master beam Ruiz: â€Å"Countries in Latin American and Asia esteem the structure of connections, however each in their own one of a kind way. Prior to going to another nation, I would suggest perusing suitable materials and talking with remote nationals dwelling in the U. S. concerning the traditions and strategic policies in their nation of source. I would likewise recommend that, once in a remote nation, it is essential to watch your host’s idiosyncrasies and reactions and deferentially react in a like way. Be knowledgeable on worthy and inadmissible practices. For instance, when in Asia, do praise and offer your impressions of their nation. Try not to decay any food or drink since this is seen as an affront. In Latin America, do start all gatherings with inviting discussion in regards to family or other social themes. Try not to start a gathering digging straightforwardly into the business objective. The exercise numerous American specialists neglect to learn is that â€Å"it is all in the relationships† (Minor Lamberton 2010). In his article Doing Business In and With China: The dangers are incredible, however so are the prizes, Atkinson (2004) noted from Stephen Nelson, the accomplice and co-leader of the China practice bunch for the Hong Kong-based law office Baker McKenzie, that when getting organizations in China, it is essential to understand that there are seen social contrasts. One of the significant exercises in making business in China is that outsiders essentially can't enter an endeavor in China with just a superficial comprehension of its terms and conditions. Atkinson (2004) refered to a case of a US organization that as of late chose to make an interest in China by setting up a joint organization through its Hong Kong fabricating specialist. The US organization sent over $3 million worth of gear, at that point came to us with documentation written in Chinese and asked ‘Can you take a gander at this and reveal to us whether we actually own 50 percent of this organization? ’ Akgunes et al (2012) recognized a few focuses to consider for fruitful arrangements. As indicated by Zhao (2000) as refered to by Akgunes et al (2012), dealings become fruitful when the taking an interest parties are helpful with each other; this should be possible by applying

Undecided Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Uncertain - Research Paper Example Kate Choplin and Henrick Ibsen attempted to portray delicate, brilliant ladies who are not happy with their second jobs in the man's reality. Kate Choplin's women's activist books were overlooked after her passing as they couldn't discover their peruser in her time. Be that as it may, enactment of women's activist development in the second 50% of the twentieth century let the perusers and the pundits rethink her works. Chopin’s writing blessing, her modern way of composing impacted by French authors, and her devotion to social, racial and sex issues were profoundly assessed purchase new age of readership. Besides, her thoughtfulness regarding subtleties turned into a trademark highlight of Choplin's composition. In â€Å"The story of an Hour† Kate Choplin's investigates marriage from a surprising point of view. A young lady is informed that her better half passed on in the railroad catastrophe. Family members and companions attempt to introduce the news in the most fragile manner, anyway the lady goes to her space to be disregarded. Here she understands that demise of her significant other brought her distress as well as startling opportunity and help. Presently she can live for herself and be the main special lady of her body and soul. Choplin delineates the lady who saw marriage without unadulterated love and closeness as commitment. Such demeanor to marriage was run of the mill to the à ©poque however very little consideration was attracted to the passionate and mental condition of ladies in such connections. To stress how much the courageous woman's feelings were stifled Choplin â€Å"kills† her, and clarifies her passing by the feeling of satisfaction. In this manner, the writer was among the principal authors who urged ladies to comprehend their genuine feelings and worth body and soul opportunity most importantly. In her story â€Å"Desiree's Baby† Choplin discusses significantly progressively questionable themes sexual orientation and racial separation. A lovely young lady deserted by her folks is brought up in the place of honorable French Creoles is the chief character of the story. She falls

Cause and Effect Essay Topics for College Students

Cause and Effect Essay Topics for College StudentsThere are many topics that can be used to motivate your students and this article will give you some great ideas on how to present these topics effectively to help them become motivated. This article will also give you some topics that can be used for an AP US History essay. Some of the topics you will find below are worth using for your schoolwork as they are not only good topics to write about, but they are also very popular.You can use topics that relate to the history of a specific time period for your college students to read on. Some topics that you can use for this is World War II and the Holocaust. You can also choose topics that relate to history in general such as the French Revolution or the Civil War in the United States. Whatever you choose you will be able to stimulate interest in your students.If you have prepared some topics then you can bring them out to the school auditorium during your lesson or you can prepare them for distribution to the students one at a time. You can read about your topic and the content of the essay to the class before they go to the room. You can either read to them one at a time or you can read it to the class as a whole. You should make sure that the students in the class can relate to the topic.There are some college students who do not know what topics to write about and what topics to avoid. You should find out why they are choosing not to write about the topics. Write down their reasons why they are avoiding the topic and use these reasons as the basis for your essay.One thing that you can do when you are preparing for your AP US History essay for college students is to ask them if they have some sources with them for their research. You can ask them what information they are using and ask them where they got it from. These may be the more interesting topics to write about as these may be a personal discovery. The students will probably also have some more sources that they can give you for the purpose of your assignment.One thing that you will want to be careful about when you are using topics to help motivate your students is to be careful of which topics to use for your AP US History essay. Remember that you are writing a college course. There are going to be a lot of other students who are applying for the same class so you do not want to be the only one who has chosen one topic to use. Just make sure that the topics that you use are ones that will really get your students excited.After you have the subjects for your college students, you should look into what topics your teacher will prefer. There are some teachers who may choose to use the topics that are related to the course in question. Others will use topics that are related to their own experiences. Make sure that you consider the teacher's suggestions so that you can help your students the best that you can.

Russia and the Cuban Missile Crisis Essay - 939 Words

Russia, The Cuban Missile Crisis During the end of World War II, a political struggle existed between the Western World, North Atlantic Treaty Organization allies, and the Eastern Bloc. Lasting until 1991, this struggle was better known as the Cold War. At the helm of these sides was the United States of America and the Union of Socialist Soviet Republics or better known as the Soviet Union. Both of these nations were constantly competing amongst each other in order to demonstrate their superiority of their politico-economic system. This was also done through proxy conflicts such as political, development aid, and military just to name a few. Their focus went towards post World War II European nations in trying to win over these†¦show more content†¦Several medium range ballistic missiles (MRBM’s) were placed in Cuban territory. The exact amount came to approximately thirty six to forty two medium SS-4’s. Of those missiles, only six of them were decoys in an attempt to deceive for a potential attack towards the United States. Ranging 1,266 miles, these missiles had the capability of reaching major cities like New Orleans, Washington D.C and even Miami. Just one of the warheads had an explosive capacity of about one megaton which is the equivalent to one million tons of explosive. This yielded with over sixty times as much destructive force to the atomic bomb that was dropped in Hiroshima, Japan. That was simply 16,000 kilotons equaling 16,000 tons of explosive. Along the Cuban coast, the Soviets placed around 80 variant missiles evenly among four missile batteries. Many of the warheads for these missiles were delivered to Cuba by the beginning of the Missile Crisis back in 1962. They were to be used in case of a counter against an American invasion of Cuba The Cuban Missile Crisis was a thirteen-day confrontation from October 15 to October 28, 1962. During this time there was conflict was between the United States and the Soviet Union over the positioning of nuclear missiles in Cuba. During 1962 on the island of Cuba, the Soviet Union secretly placed nuclear-tipped missiles. After evidence of a U-2 spy plane showing the discovery of Soviet nuclear tipped missiles, President Kennedy was not willingShow MoreRelatedEssay about The Cuban Missile Crisis756 Words   |  4 PagesThe Cuban Missile Crisis Between 1959 and 1962 relations between USA and Cuba deteriorated. Up until 1959, America had kept General Batista in power over Cuba and had strong links, especially in trade. Castro’s ascent to power in 1959 triggered the short-term events contributing to the Cuban Missile Crisis. The main cause of the Cuban Missile Crisis was the cold relationship between the two great superpowers: America and Russia. This hadRead MoreThe Effects of the Cuba Missile Crisis Essay1656 Words   |  7 PagesThe Effects of the Cuba Missile Crisis During the Cuba missile crisis near every newspaper and radio station would talk about how the end of the world on the brink of destruction. Because of this many people around this time lived in fear and felt the world was going to end. The effects of the Cuba missile crisis didn’t just affect the two nations its effects also had major effects on the people of these nations, the world, and the countries themselves. These effects only truly made the worldRead MoreThe Cuban Missile Crisis During The Cold War1378 Words   |  6 PagesThe Cuban Missile Crisis occurred in 1963 in a setting that was the high point of tension in the Cold War. The most significant background cause of the Cuban Missile Crisis was the underlying cold war ideology of capitalism vs communism. This was dramatically increased by the second key cause, a series of events that quickly built tensions between the super powers from 1959 such as the U2 incident, JFK’s response to the Berlin Wall, and the Bay of Pigs incident. The third cause was the relationshipRead MoreCuban and U.S. Relations Essay example1098 Words   |  5 PagesCuban and U.S. Relations From the time, Fidel Castro came to power in Cuba tensions ran high between the Cuban government and the United States government. Relations between Cuba and the United States grew during Eisenhower and Kennedy administrations. Not as much during the Eisenhower administration as the Kennedy administration did tensions between between the two countries intensify. Kennedy faced many a different situations as President. He faced such situations like the Bay of PigsRead MoreThirteen Days786 Words   |  4 Pagesa historical account of the Cuban Missile Crisis. It is told from the perspective of Robert F. 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In order to understand the importance of the Cuban Missile Crisis one must understand, the Cold war drama; the dangerous crisis; and its importanceRead MoreRealist Perpective on the Cuban Missile Crisis Essay834 Words   |  4 PagesThe Realist Perspective on the Cuban Missile Crisis In October of 1962, the United States and the Soviet Union reached a near-nuclear experience when in a short fourteen days; Russia was caught building nuclear missile bases in Cuba. With the Second World War just barely in the past, the United States was still on their toes making sure they were in the clear. When they sent the U-2 spy plane to monitor Cuba they found missile bases that were armed and ready to wipe out the western hemisphereRead MoreThe Cuban Missile Crisis Of 19621575 Words   |  7 Pagesagainst the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR, Russia or Soviets). During this period of time for both military and political conflict between the two countries, there was a short period of time that not only put these two nations on alert put the rest of the world of a potential nuclear war. This period of time would come to be known as the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962, which occurred from 16 to 28 October of that year. This crisis was building up due to the failed op eration of overthrowingRead MoreCuban Missile Impact On The World Of The Cold War902 Words   |  4 PagesCuban Missile War Is Cuban communism the beginning of the Cold War? Could the Cuban Missile Crisis end in the world devastation? According to freedictionary.com, nuclear war is â€Å"war in which nuclear weapons are used by both sides. As generally used, the term assumes major use of nuclear weapons by at least two opposing warring states.† The invasion of Cuba by United States caused by the alliances between Cuba and the Soviet Union brought conflict between those countries. The United State tried toRead MoreCuban-Russian Relations1710 Words   |  7 PagesCuba’s unpredictable shift toward socialism and its growing dependence on the Soviet Union divided both the leadership and the country at large. With a relationship dating back to before Fidel Castro’s installment into power, Russia and Cuba have both played major roles in the development and regression of each other’s economies and societies. The first official diplomatic relationship between the Soviet Union and Cuba began developing during World War II, in 1943. With the establishment of the

First Fight The Birth Of The Army - 1665 Words

FIRST TO FIGHT: THE BIRTH OF THE ARMY USAACE NCOA SSG Bryan J. Lowney 15Z SLC 17-003 SFC Maradol Americans have had a sense of freedom and independence since before there was a United States of America. Americans have always believed in their way of life; they have been fighting for their way of life since before their country existed. The battles of Lexington and Concord happened during April of 1775. These military engagements were accomplished by the Massachusetts State militia; led, equipped, armed, paid for and supported by the colony from which it was raised (Maass, n.d.). The Continental Congress, comprised of delegates from the thirteen original colonies, saw a need for a national army in their hope for†¦show more content†¦The year 1775 was the year that the world would change; hostilities within the American colonies would boil over into an all-out war. The year 1775 was the year that an Army was born in order to protect a uniquely American way of life. On April 18, 1775, an American rebel leader named Joseph Warren learned that a British Army unit occupy ing Boston would deploy from the city into the countryside. The British mission was to confiscate rebel arms and equipment from a nearby town called Concord within the same colony of Massachusetts. Warren dispatched two men during the middle of that night, Paul Revere and William Dawes, to alert the militiamen in Concord â€Å"the British were coming†. On the morning of April 19, 1775, about 700 British troops arrived in the town of Lexington from Boston on their march to Concord; seventy-seven American militiamen met them on the town’s green. A British Army officer yelled to the militiamen to â€Å"Throw down your arms! Ye villains, ye rebels!† (Fighting Breaks Out, n.d.). An officer within the militia ranks gave the order for the militia to disperse. A single musket shot rang out from an unknown source shortly after the militia began to leave the field. The British unit then fired several volleys at the American militiamen. Eight American militiamen we re dead, and nine lay wounded when the engagement was over. The British suffered oneShow MoreRelatedThe Battle Of A Greek Poet1076 Words   |  5 PagesSimonides of Ceos, a Greek poet, wrote an epitaph to commemorate the three hundred Spartans’ brave sacrifice against the massive Persian Army. The Greek epitaph translates to â€Å"Go tell the Spartans passerby, that here, by Spartan law, we lie.† The three hundred Spartans died obeying their country’s law, â€Å"Never to flee in battle, however many the enemy may be, but to remain in the ranks and to conquer or die.† This law is the epitome of a warrior society that the Spartans wanted to create. At theRead MoreEssay about The Importance of the Army in Spartan Society.785 Words   |  4 PagesThe importance of the army in Spartan society: The entire Spartan society revolved around the army, essentially making it the key aspect of Spartan life and culture. The army influenced areas such as education and social structure as well as being the most important defence of Sparta in both combat and reputation. After an embarrassing defeat at the battle of Hysiai Sparta went through great military change, these changes dramatically changed all other areas of Spartan life, turning Sparta intoRead MoreThe Importance of Honor and Virtue Essay example914 Words   |  4 Pagesprestige within his army. The more ridicule and public humiliation that is done to your enemy shows everyone else what kind of warrior you are. A great, fierce and most of all honored warrior. A warrior without honor does not have meaning in his life. Honor is more important than life itself. 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America got involved in the Vietn am War during the year of 1965. The United States first became involved in the war by financially supporting France in the first Indochina War. After that, Vietnam was separated from France’s control. South Vietnam and France were America’s allies. President Kennedy sent roughly 2,000 military advisors to South Vietnam for support. Soon,Read MoreDeclaration Of Independence : Slaves, Women And Native Indians1062 Words   |  5 PagesEssay: Option 1 Declaration of Independence: Slaves, Women and Native Indians On July 4,1776 Second Continental Congress adopted a statement to fight against the unfair British Monarchy and promote the People’s Law and Republicanism by forming their own country. This statement is called â€Å"Declaration of Independence†. It was originally composed by Thomas Jefferson and later updated by the Congress.The declaration explains the reasons for thirteen states to seek republicanism and be independentRead MoreThe Napoleonic Era Has Remain Fundamentally Relevant Today987 Words   |  4 PagesNapoleons staff and learned a lot from failure as well as success. During my paper I will discuss three main points that represent a few of Napoleons contributes to the current military. The first point will be the change from dynastic armies to ideological nationalism. This change was valuable because the army called for volunteers and most of the population supported the revolution.2 The second point will be Napoleons ability to master maneuver wafare. Claus ewitz and Jomini were two military scholarsRead MoreThe Movie Spartacus 987 Words   |  4 Pages here we are. His name is Spartacus and this is his story. Spartacus was born 109 BC in Thrace, Southeast Europe. Old right? I know that’s what I thought when I found that out. Spartacus lived during the first century BCE, cool right? He was a Thracian by birth and was enslaved by the Roman army. Spartacus had no siblings. He did have a wife though, but her name is unknown. He might have a son since he had a wife, but there is no documented proof that he did. Plutarch, by what they have found, isRead MoreThe Long Shadow Of Lincoln s Gettysburg Address1137 Words   |  5 Pagesits civil war, it was one of the bloodiest wars and constitutional and political crisis, â€Å" As many as 51,000 were dead, wounded, or missing after the bloodiest single battle in all of the United States history† (GETTYSBURG 9). After the decades of fights over slavery the United States was brought in to a war. The people saw Lincoln’s election as a â€Å"mortal threat to slavery, an institution central to their economy and way of life† (GETTYSBURG 9). 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Management Theory and Practice for Theory- MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theManagement Theory and Practicefor Agency Theory. Answer: Introduction Various factors determine the success of an organisation. Organisational theories help organisations to identify the problems and introduce patterns and structures that maximise the efficiency of problem-solving techniques and increases productivity. This report critically analyses the various theories of organisational action and discusses the possibility of combining the theories as one universal theory. Critical Analysis of Agency and Determinist Theories in Organisational action Agency Theory Agency theory describes the management of relationships between the people who are setting the work and the people who are doing the work. When an individual hires someone to do a work, he creates a relationship with the person hired (Ashkanasy Humphrey, 2011). The individual hires when he or she is unable to do the work or is not willing to do it. This theory refers the hiring party as the principal and the hired party as the agent. In the corporate sector, the shareholders are the principal who transfers the job to the management to do the duties on their behalf. These management people are the agents of the shareholders. This theory states that every individual be the principal or the agent is motivated to work to fulfil its self-interests. This is the main drawback of the theory. If both the parties work for their self-interest then the motivation of agents will inevitably conflict with the goal set by the principal. Principals expect agents to fulfil the goals set by them and w ork solely for the interest of the goal (Bergeron et al. 2013). Agency Loss is the standard for measuring the difference between the expected results of the goal set by the principal and the actual outcomes, which the agents bring by their course of action. Agency loss becomes highest when the agent does not do anything to fulfil the goal but work only for fulfilling its self-interests. Both the parties are responsible for minimising the agency loss. Principal and agent can minimise the agency loss by sharing common interests. The principal can reduce agency loss by understanding the consequences of the agent's action. The main challenge of this theory is to set a standard for agents' actions in corporate level so that the agents work for the goal of the principal by setting aside their self-interest (Berry, Carpenter Barratt, 2012). In Agency relationships, the agents should have moral responsibilities for their action and simply cannot deny them because they act as agents for their principals. Examples of agency relationships in finance includ e Investment bankers who act as agents for their principals or the clients and the financial advisors who act as agents for their clients or principals. Agency theory is a controversial theory though it has immense importance. Williamson in 1985 identified that certain individuals exhibited opportunistic behaviour and not the entire mass. Hence, he suggested organisations develop methods for screening the trustworthiness of the employees (Sevenpillarsinstitute.org, 2017). Hill in 1990 stated that even in a situation where everyone is inclined to behave opportunistically, there would be individuals who will never break trust and work with co-operation. Donaldson in 1990 criticised this theory as less developed and an oversimplifying methodology. He stated that this theory disregards other research works and it has a very narrow definition of work motivation (Sevenpillarsinstitute.org, 2017). According to him, it has dominance in organisational economics and corporate governance defensiveness. He observed that organisations disregarded the traditional organisational theories and regarding behaviour and trustworthiness and worked on dev eloping assumptions. Views are different for the supporters of this theory. For example, Podrug in 2010 stated that controlling individual behaviour leads to stronger opportunistic behaviour, reduces trustworthiness and finally results in distrust. Tipuric in 2008 supported this theory stating that the intentions of agents are clear when the principal and the agents have common interests (Sevenpillarsinstitute.org, 2017). Population Ecology This theory has faced many criticisms. Young in 1988 and Donaldson in 1995 stated that this theory is ambiguous and lacks a general agreement on the definitions of the key constructs. Young stated that the niches, inertia or rates of environmental change are hard to understand and describe. As there is a lacking of the precise definition of the construct, common conceptualization across the field is difficult and it is not feasible to generalise different contexts (Chiang Hsieh, 2012). On the other hand, Singh and Lumsden in 1990 stated that the criticism of the lack of discipline-wide definition is not useful because according to them these constructs are used in other disciplines and does not have a workable definition in those fields also (Freepatentsonline.com, 2017). There are also issues with the application and methodology of this theory. The theory can be classified into two main types based on the method of population classification. One classification is of Hannan and Free man. According to them as organisations are not alike hence, researchers need to define organisational forms according to the research problem. McKelvey stated that each organisation and population should have different scientific classifications. The theory faces criticism on the demography of the organisations that the researchers examine (Chun et al. 2013). Astley and Van de Ven in 1983 and Perrow in 1986 stated that the theory only deals with smaller organisations because bigger organisations are immune to a selection process. On the other hand, many theorists considered this criticism as narrow. Caroll in 1984 and Barnett in 1990 stated that researchers have also examined big and powerful organisations for its size dependence, domination in technological systems and size-based segmentation of population. Van Witteloostuijn in 2000 stated that this theory lacks detailed investigation because there is focus on large-scale quantitative studies. Delacroix and Caroll in 1983 stated that organisational funding studies of this theory are limited because they do not consider unsuccessful findings. Astley and Van De Ven in 1983 stated that this theory is too much deterministic (Freepatentsonline.com, 2017). Structural Contingency Theory This theory states that one structure does not fit all organisations. The structure that fits certain contingencies are the most effective structures (Colquitt, Lepine Wesson, 2011). Galunic and Eisenhardt in 1994 stated that this theory is static and cannot deal with changes in the organisation. On the other hand, Parsons in 1961 stated that this theory is based on a functionalist tradition of social science and considers organisations fit to adapt to changing environments (Freepatentsonline.com, 2017). According to Hamilton and Shergill an organisation in fit is highly productive which leads to its expansion of size. Chandler, on the other hand, stated that this expansion causes a change in contingencies, which is a misfit in existing structure and hence leads to low performance. SARFIT is a process depicted in the main theory of structural contingency, which denotes structural adaptation to regain fit. There is a contrast between the main structural theory and SARFIT. The structu ral theory is an equilibrium theory in which organisations are depicted as attaining fit and then in equilibrium. SARFIT on the other hand considers organisations as temporarily fit until there is a surplus of contingencies caused by its expansion. Critics of this theory argue that it is not a good suggestion for the organisations to change according to the change in contingencies because the contingencies itself change to fit with the organisation (De Wit, Greer Jehn, 2012). Institutional Theory This theory provides a rich and complex view of organisations. It studies the internal and external factors affecting organisations. This theory is a rewarding theory for an organisation because it gives much more importance to the stakeholders for deciding the legitimacy of an organisation, unlike other theories (DuBrin, 2013). This theory is considered as the best-fit approach. Rowan examined that this theory and found out that an organisation is steady and long lasting when there is co-operation in its environment. Tolbert and Zucker also supported this theory that organisations under pressure adopt changes quickly. Di Maggio and Powell stated that the institutional pressures increase the homogeneity of organisational structures. Resource Dependency Theory This theory describes the organisational terms with respect to those resources that the organisations need to survive. It is a useful theory for describing the differences of power across organisations and the choice of strategies (Eatough et al. 2011). According to some theorists, this theory is the main reason why some nonprofit organisations have commercialised more. Hillman et al. (2009), Davis and Cobb (2010), Drees Heugens (2013), Sharif Yeoh (2014) have discussed the importance of this theory in influencing organisational behaviour through alliances, joint ventures, mergers and acquisitions (Hrmguide.co.uk, 2017). The theory has received many criticisms. Donaldson in 1995 stated that as the theory focuses on the relevance of power structures it neglected economics and efficiency factors that influence organisational behaviour. Tolbert in 1985 stated that the objection that this theory receives because of its concentration of material resources is not wholly true. Johnson in 1995 stated that the theory can be extended to include symbolic resources. Clegg in 1998 stated that the theory is wrong based on a narrow concept of power controlling objective resources. The major drawback of this theory is that it fail to regard the role of cultural, ideological and institutional forces in organisational behaviour (Fishbein Ajzen, 2011). Probability of Reconciliation of Organisational Theories as one Universal Theory Every organisational theory has its own advantages and disadvantages. Organisations cannot ignore any of the theories totally. A combination of all the above theories will help organisations to increase effectively their productivity (Fisher To, 2012). The operations of nearly all organisations are same. However, they differ in size and function but they follow the basic structure of operating through the division of labour, a decision-making structure and rules and policies (Locke, 2011). The Population Ecology theory classifies organisations according to the common characteristics and behaviours. This theory helps to identify what kind of organisational strategies are required for a particular type of organisation population. Here comes the importance of the resource dependency theory (Miner, 2015). According to this theory, the organisations need external resources that are resources from other organisations to survive. It emphasises that organisations are interdependent. The institutional theory focuses on implementing the strategies of competitors for becoming legitimate to stakeholders. The Contingency theory describes the strategies that are fit for particular organisations. The global theory can be a combination of all these theories for organisational behaviour (Moore et al. 2012). This theory can identify the strategies followed by parallel organisations through population ecology followed by resource dependency for identifying the companies for working in th e joint venture for production improvement. Then the organisations can implement institutional theory for implementing the strategies identified from the previous theories and then can implement strategies that are relevant to that particular organisation and are identified from contingency theory (Umphress, Bingham Mitchell, 2010). Hence, organisations combine all the organisational theories into one universal approach for better functioning and increasing the productivity of an organisation (Walumbwa, Hartnell Oke, 2010). Conclusion Organisational behaviour is the key to success of any organisation. Hence managers need to understand that individual needs and expectations and organisational goals and expectations are interrelated. Good leadership skills along with the knowledge of strategies for developing a group will help perform an individual in the group at its peak level. Managers can avoid problems like social loafing and groupthink by resolving issues related to the team member differences and giving a clear guideline of roles and responsibilities, company expectancy and motivating the employees through constructive feedback and rewards. References Ashkanasy, N. M., Humphrey, R. H. (2011). Current emotion research in organizational behavior.Emotion Review,3(2), 214-224. Bergeron, D. M., Shipp, A. J., Rosen, B., Furst, S. A. (2013). Organizational citizenship behavior and career outcomes: The cost of being a good citizen.Journal of Management,39(4), 958-984. Berry, C. M., Carpenter, N. C., Barratt, C. L. (2012). Do other-reports of counterproductive work behavior provide an incremental contribution over self-reports? A meta-analytic comparison. Chiang, C. F., Hsieh, T. S. (2012). The impacts of perceived organizational support and psychological empowerment on job performance: The mediating effects of organizational citizenship behavior.International Journal of Hospitality Management,31(1), 180-190.Elangovan, A. R., Pinder, C. C., McLean, M. (2010). Callings and organizational behavior.Journal of Vocational Behavior,76(3), 428-440. Chun, J. S., Shin, Y., Choi, J. N., Kim, M. S. (2013). How does corporate ethics contribute to firm financial performance? The mediating role of collective organizational commitment and organizational citizenship behavior.Journal of Management,39(4), 853-877. Colquitt, J., Lepine, J. A., Wesson, M. J. (2011).Organizational behavior: Improving performance and commitment in the workplace. McGraw-Hill Irwin. De Wit, F. R., Greer, L. L., Jehn, K. A. (2012). The paradox of intragroup conflict: a meta-analysis. DuBrin, A. J. (2013).Fundamentals of organizational behavior: An applied perspective. Elsevier. Eatough, E. M., Chang, C. H., Miloslavic, S. A., Johnson, R. E. (2011). Relationships of role stressors with organizational citizenship behavior: a meta-analysis. Fishbein, M., Ajzen, I. (2011).Predicting and changing behavior: The reasoned action approach. Taylor Francis. Fisher, C. D., To, M. L. (2012). Using experience sampling methodology in organizational behavior.Journal of Organizational Behavior,33(7), 865-877. Freepatentsonline.com. (2017). FPO IP Research Communities. [online] Available at: https://www.freepatentsonline.com [Accessed 16 May 2017]. Hrmguide.co.uk. (2017). UK Human Resource Management Articles. [online] Available at: https://www.hrmguide.co.uk [Accessed 16 May 2017]. Locke, E. (Ed.). (2011).Handbook of principles of organizational behavior: Indispensable knowledge for evidence-based management. John Wiley Sons. Luthans, F. (2010).Organizational behavior: An evidence-based approach. McGraw-Hill Irwin. Miner, J. B. (2015).Organizational behavior 1: Essential theories of motivation and leadership. Routledge. Moore, C., Detert, J. R., Klebe Trevio, L., Baker, V. L., Mayer, D. M. (2012). Why employees do bad things: Moral disengagement and unethical organizational behavior.Personnel Psychology,65(1), 1-48. Sevenpillarsinstitute.org. (2017). Cite a Website - Cite This For Me. [online] Available at: https://sevenpillarsinstitute.org [Accessed 16 May 2017]. Umphress, E. E., Bingham, J. B., Mitchell, M. S. (2010). Unethical behavior in the name of the company: the moderating effect of organizational identification and positive reciprocity beliefs on unethical pro-organizational behavior.Journal of Applied Psychology,95(4), 769. Walumbwa, F. O., Hartnell, C. A., Oke, A. (2010). Servant leadership, procedural justice climate, service climate, employee attitudes, and organizational citizenship behavior: a cross-level investigation.Journal of Applied Psychology,95(3), 517.

Sadhu Case free essay sample

AUTHOR Self oriented, but provided limited help for Sadhu His drive for achievement drove him away from the moral obligations Influenced by lack of group organization, leadership and incentive Influenced by both lack of knowledge of Hindu traditions Lack of Sherpa’s incentive AUTHORS FRIEND STEVEN Provided partial help for the Sadhu, but could not do more as he lacked capability and support to arrange further treatment for him He felt compassion influenced by his religious views Influenced by both lack of knowledge of Hindu traditions Lack of Sherpa’s incentive SWISS TEAM Provided some clothes for Sadhu and then continued their travel Influenced by limited moral concern and lack of group incentive Influenced by both lack of knowledge of Hindu traditions Lack of Sherpa’s incentive NEW ZEALAND TEAM Helped Sahdu to certain extent by taking him bellow snow line Focus on personal goals Influenced by both lack of knowledge of Hindu traditions Lack of Sherpa’s incentive JAPANESE TEAM He refused to provide horse for transportation of Sadhu Provided food and drink Possibly influenced by lack of knowledge of Hindu traditions Limited feeling for moral obligation or cultural beliefs 3. We will write a custom essay sample on Sadhu Case or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page What should be our role in helping others-in business and in our personal life? First of all our role is to follow personal and group ethical norms and help others as much as we can Second of all, if there is no group norms, we should take incentive We should provide help if it is needed and desired (case of Sadhu shows that help might have been undesired as freezing to death is part of the ritual) 4. Is there a collective or institutional ethic that differs from the ethics of the individual? Ethics of individuals is based on personal beliefs and convictions On the other hand, Corporate ethics are above personal and serve the purpose of driving behavior of individuals within the corporation regardless of their own beliefs or supporting them to perform socially responsible behavior, rather then leaving them to perform such behavior on their own 5. What would you have done if you were in the authors position? Why? As a group we agreed that we would have tried to influence other individuals that were present to provide joint effort to save Sadhu. If this effort would fail, it is very likely that we would have joined forces with Stephen in order to do what is possible at that moment Lastly, we provided this answer from the meeting room, thus we can say that same factors could influence us in real life situation such as one in the case